• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.204-209
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• 2010

Idle listening is very critical source of energy dissipation in wireless sensor networks. To reduce idle listening, we propose preamble sampling MAC that is named EESP-MAC. The main idea of EESP-MAC is to add control information into the short preamble frame. So the stream of short preambles is used not only for preamble sampling but also for avoiding overhearing, decreasing control packet overhead and reducing the listening of the redundant message, caused by message-flooding.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.201-209
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• 2016

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) duty cycling has been an imperative choice to reduce idle listening but it introduces sleep delay. Thus, the conventional WSN medium access control protocols are bound by the energy-latency tradeoff. To break through the tradeoff, we propose a radio wave sensor called radio frequency (RF) wakeup sensor that is dedicated to sense the presence of a RF signal. The distinctive feature of our design is that the RF wakeup sensor can provide the same sensitivity but with two orders of magnitude less energy than the underlying RF module. With RF wakeup sensor a sensor node no longer requires duty cycling. Instead, it can maintain a sleep state until its RF wakeup sensor detects a communication signal. According to our analysis, the response time of the RF wakeup sensor is much shorter than the minimum transmission time of a typical communication module. Therefore, we apply duty cycling to the RF wakeup sensor to further reduce the energy consumption without performance degradation. We evaluate the circuital characteristics of our RF wakeup sensor design by using Advanced Design System 2009 simulator. The results show that RF wakeup sensor allows a sensor node to completely turn off their communication module by performing the around-the-clock carrier sensing while it consumes only 0.07% energy of an idle communication module.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2006.10d
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• pp.14-17
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• 2006

본 논문은 센서 네트워크에서 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 B-MAC의 저전력 기법인 LPL(low power listening)이 갖고 있는 하드웨어 의존성을 지적하고 이러한 의존성이 없는 LPL 구현 기법을 제안한다. preamble과 listening interval 간의 관계를 만족하기 위해 요구되는 기존 LPL의 조건들을 가상 프리앰블 패킷과 크로스 첵킹 방식을 이용하여 해결하였다. 본 논문이 제안하는 기법은 IEEE 802.15.4 기반의 CC2420 RF칩에서의 실험을 통하여 기존의 LPL과 유사한 성능을 보여주었으며, idle listening을 최소화하여 RF칩의 duty cycle이 최대 10.6%까지 감소하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.2433-2452
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• 2017

Recently, the pipeline-forwarding has been proposed as a new technique to resolve the end-to-end latency problem of the duty-cycle MAC protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Some protocols based on this technique such as PMAC and PRI-MAC have shown an improvement not only in terms of reducing end-to-end latency but also in terms of reducing power consumption. In these protocols, however, the sensor nodes still waste a significant amount of energy for unnecessary idle listening during contention period of upstream nodes to check the channel activity. This paper proposes a new pipeline-forwarding duty-cycle MAC protocol, named RP-MAC (Reduced Pipelined duty-cycle MAC), which tries to reduce the waste of energy. By taking advantage of ACK mechanism and shortening the handshaking procedure, RP-MAC minimizes the time for checking the channel and therefore reduces the energy consumption due to unnecessary idle listening. When comparing RP-MAC with the existing solution PRI-MAC and RMAC, our QualNet-based simulation results show a significant improvement in term of energy consumption.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.469-472
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• 2014

S-MAC is hybrids of CSMA and TDMA approaches that use local sleep-wake schedules to coordinate packet exchanges and reduce idle listening. In this method, all the nodes are considered with equal priority which may lead to increased delay during heavy traffic. The method introduced in this paper provides high throughput and small end-to-end delay suitable for applications such as real-time voice streaming and its functionality is independent of underlying synchronization protocol. The novel idea behind our scheme is that it uses the priority concept with (m,k)-firm scheduling in order to achieve its objectives. The performance of our scheme is obtained through simulations for various packet sizes, traffic loads which show significant improvements in packet delivery ratio, and delay compared to existing protocols.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-43
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• 2006

In this paper, we proposed TASL-MAC, a medium-access control (MAC) protocol for wireless sensor networks. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are usually deployed in a special environment, are assigned with long-term work, and are supported by a limited battery. As such, reducing the energy consumption becomes the primary concern with regard to wireless sensor networks. At the same time, reducing the latency in multi-hop data transmission is also very important. In the existing research, sensor nodes are expected to be switched to the sleep mode in order to reduce energy consumption. However, the existing proposals tended to assign the sensors with a fixed Sleep/Listening schedule, which causes unnecessary idle listening problems and conspicuous transmission latency due to the diversity of the traffic-load in the network. TASL-MAC is designed to dynamically adjust the duty listening time based on traffic load. This protocol enables the node with a proper data transfer rate to satisfy the application's requirements. Meanwhile, it can lead to much greater power efficiency by prolonging the nodes' sleeping time when the traffic. We evaluate our implementation of TASL-MAC in NS-2. The evaluation result indicates that our proposal could explicitly reduce packet delivery latency, and that it could also significantly prolong the lifetime of the entire network when traffic is low.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.1393-1405
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• 2017

It is well known that duty-cycling control by dynamically adjusting the polling interval according to the traffic loads can effectively achieve power saving in wireless sensor networks. Thus, there has been a significant research effort in developing polling interval adaptation schemes. Especially, Dynamic Low Power Listening (DLPL) scheme is one of the most widely adopted open-looping polling interval adaptation techniques in wireless sensor networks. In DLPL scheme, if consecutive idle (busy) samplings reach a given fixed threshold, the polling interval is increased (decreased). However, due to the trial-and-error based approach, it may significantly deteriorate the system performance depending on given threshold parameters. In this paper, we propose a novel DLPL scheme, called SDL (Sequential hypothesis testing based Dynamic LPL), which employs sequential hypothesis testing to decide whether to change the polling interval conforming to various traffic conditions. Simulation results show that SDL achieves substantial power saving over state-of-the-art DLPL schemes.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.187-192
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• 2017

In dense deployments of sensor nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks, the MAC protocol has challenges to solve problems such as reducing delivery delay and reducing energy consumption. To solve these problems lots of protocols are suggested. This paper proposed a sensor nodes' residual energy based wake-up control mechanism, in which each node decides whether it wakes up or stays in sleep mode to save energy consumption by reducing unnecessary idle listening. The main idea of the wake-up control mechanism is to save node's energy consumption. The proposed wake-up control mechanism is based on the RI-MAC protocol, which is one of the receiver-initiated MAC protocols. A receiver node in the proposed mechanism periodically wakes up and broadcasts a beacon signal based on the energy status of the node. A receiver node also adjusts wake-up period based on the traffics. Results have shown that the proposed MAC protocol outperformed RI-MAC protocol in the terms of energy consumption.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.1113-1132
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• 2011

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), most energy saving asynchronous MAC protocols are custom tailored for unicast communications only. However, broadcast protocols are very commonly used in WSNs for a variety of functionalities, such as gathering network topology information, event monitoring and query processing. In this paper, we propose a novel low-power asynchronous broadcast MAC protocol called Alarm Broadcast (A-CAST). A-CAST employs the strobe preamble that specifies the residual waiting time for the following data transmission. Each receiver goes back to sleep upon hearing the strobe preamble for the residual time duration, to conserve energy and to wake up just before data transmission starts. We compute the energy consumption of A-CAST via rigorous mathematical analysis. The analytic results show that A-CAST outperforms B-CAST, a simple broadcast extension of the well-known B-MAC. We also implement A-CAST on sensor motes and evaluated its performance through real experiments. Our experimental results show that A-CAST reduces the energy consumption by up to 222% compared to the previously proposed protocols.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.1031-1034
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• 2005

This paper introduces a novel sensor network protocol, R-WSLP(Realtime Wireless Sensor Line Protocol), which has extremely low latency characteristic in large-scale WSN. R-WSLP is proposed to implement realtime forest fire monitoring system. We propose Distributed TDMA method for the multiple channel access and Time Synchronized Forwarding Mechanism instead of routing technique to achieve low latency network. Also, R-WSLP provides extremely low power operation which we accomplished by reducing idle listening. In our experimentation, we get successful results at the forest fire monitoring system with our protocol.