• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.139-148
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• 2002

Pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of the pond system for further polishing of treatment wetland effluent from December 2000 to June 2001. The wetland system used for the experiment was highly effective to treat the sewage during the growing season, but it was less effective and its effluent was still high to discharge to the receiving water body. Therefore, the wetland effluent may need further treatment to prevent water quality degradation. Pond system could be used to hold and further polish the wetland effluent during the winter season and ots feasibility was evaluated in this study. Additional water quality improvement was apparent in the pond system during winter season, and the pond effluent could be good enough to meet the effluent water quality standards if it is properly managed. Timing of the pond effluent discharge appears to be critical for pond system management because it is a closed system and whole water quality constituents are affected by physical, chemical, and biological pond environments. Once algae started to grow in mid-April, constituents in the pond water column interact each other actively and its control becomes more complicated. Therefore, upper layer of the pond water column which is clearer than the lower layer my need be discharged in March right after ice cover melted. In the experiment, water quality of the upper water column was markedly clear in March than ant other times probably because of freezing-thawing effect. The remaining lower water column could be further treated by natural purification as temperature goes up or diluted with better quality of wetland effluent for appropriate water uses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of pond system for subsequent management of wetland effluent during the winter season, however, more study is needed for field application.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of fire officers' experience of traumatic events and subsequent forest healing on their occupational burnout. The results are as follows: First, the experience of traumatic events, social and psychological healing, and relieving stress by strolling had a significant effect on burnout. The more fire officers are exposed to traumatic events, the more they lose self-control in social and psychological aspects, and the lower the level of stress relieved through strolling, the higher the level of burnout. Thi sresult suggests that the more fire office rsare called out for fire fighting, the more they see their colleagues with severein juries, and the higher the level of mental and physical an xiety, the more they areex hausted. Moreover, for es thealing help store duce the irmental and physi calfatig uecaused by traumatic events, thu spreven ting them from suffering from burn out. Second, the experience of traumatic events, social and psychological healing, and relieving stress by strolling had a significant impact on occupational stress. The more fire officers are exposed to traumatic events, the more they lose self-control in social and psychological aspects, and the lower the level of stress relieved through strolling, the higher the level of occupational stress. This result indicates that to relieve job stress caused by fire fighting, increased forest healing activities, including various programs such as psychotherapy, developing interpersonal relationships and self-control, and creating a positive mind-set, can reducejobstress and help fire officers recover from it. Lastly, job stress had a mediation effect on the effects of the experience of traumatic events and forest healing on burnout. This implies that burnout can be prevented when fire officers gain high emotional stability through social and psychological healing and stress-relief strolling over a traumatic experience, and stronger support from the organization and family can keep them from being emotionally drained, thus contributing to the prevention of burnout.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1225-1237
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Unhealthy dietary behaviors constitute one of risk the factors for chronic and cardiovascular diseases, which are prevalent in middle-aged and older populations. Milk and dairy products are high-quality foods and important sources of calcium. Calcium protects against osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this study investigated the association of milk and dairy product consumption with cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence in middle-aged and older Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Data were derived from the Ansan-Anseong cohort study, and a total of 8,009 individuals aged 40-69 years were selected and followed up biennially. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association of milk and dairy product consumption with cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 96.5 person-months, 552 new cases of cardio-cerebrovascular disease were documented. Milk consumers (< 1 serving/day) exhibited a 23% lower risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence than non-milk consumers (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.97; P for trend = 0.842). High yogurt consumption was associated with a 29% lower incidence risk (≥ 0.5 servings/day vs. none: HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53-0.96; P for trend = 0.049), whereas high ice cream consumption was associated with a 70% higher risk of cardio-cerebrovascular disease incidence (≥ 0.5 servings/day vs. none: HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.01-2.88; P for trend = 0.070). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that less than one serving of milk and high yogurt consumption are associated with a lower cardio-cerebrovascular disease risk in the middle-aged and older populations.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.448-453
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop an appropriate management for safety of children snacks. In this study, monitorings of food additives such as four kinds of sweeteners (sodium saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, sucralose) which are sold in children snacks at stationary store around the school were performed. 92 samples (34 ice cakes, 52 beverages and 6 candies) were analyzed for sweeteners. Contents of 4 kinds of sweeteners in ice cakes, beverages and candies were 0.41, 0.47, 0.00 mg/kg for sodium saccharin, 0.00, 20.54, 197.09 mg/kg for aspartame, 0.00, 28.10, 0.00 mg/kg for acesulfame potassium, 9.99, 1.40, 0.00 mg/kg for sucralose. Results of risk assessment for sweeteners were expressed as EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) comparing with ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake). The ratio of high risk group for sweeteners intake (95th) were 0~2.66%. The results of this study indicated that each EDI of four kinds of sweeteners sold at stationary stores around the school is much lower than each ADI in general. Consequently, the children snacks are thought to be safe for consumption.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.137-158
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• 2009

This study is to find the causes of the current situations of conflict between generations in regards to succession of their family farm, for the target group of graduates Korea National Agricultural College of the year 2008 and their parents. This study aims at finding a way of controlling and solving the conflicts, and of developing a course of education and training, so that through this process they can come to a rational conclusion to the conflicts that arise regarding succession of the farm, in a climate of harmony and peace. It is found that communication between parents and graduates has normally gone on well, but specific problems related to management of the farm are often present. Furthermore, there is often lack of trust and promise between the parties which often causes difficulties in preparation for the succession of the farm. On the basis of these observation, we have designed and implemented an education workshop and training, as a program in which parents and their successors participated. As a result, we found it to be very effective, but it was also found to be in need of some changes. The workshop is to be implemented in two separate stages. The first stage should focus on communication and trust between family members. Firstly, they are given the opportunity to share the list of concerns withone another, as an ice breaking activity. Secondly, they can present their own hopes or wishes. And lastly, they can communicate with one another in an effort to find resolutions that will be keep both parties satisfied. The second stage should be aimed at establishing agreements concerning succession of the farm in a harmonious and peaceful manor; the second stage is also an opportunity to discuss 'Farm management and succession'. The Korea National Agricultural College (KNAC) is in the pursuit of fostering agricultural CEO's for the future of Korea. KNAC is currently implementing a very unique system of interviews in which parents participate together with students, in order to help them make a plan for rational management of their farm and smooth succession of the farm. Although KNAC now has students present a blueprint of their own unique business plans as a graduation thesis, it is necessary for KNAC to complement this system with education and training regarding the succession of family farms. Furthermore, KNAC should also develop an education and training program that is separate for this purpose, and make it a regular course of study of KNAC in the future.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 2021

As Korea declared that the entire country is free from ISA (Infectious salmon anaemia) based on the OIE aquatic code in 2019, it is necessary to improve the import quarantine system that meets the level of ISA management in Korea. Currently, Korea imports Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout from countries which have history of ISA outbreak such as Norway and the United States, so there is a constant possibility that trade with these countries will bring ISAV (Infectious salmon anaemia virus) into Korea. Therefore, some amendments to the Aquatic Life Diseases Control Act (ALDCA) are needed to prevent the entry of ISAV into the Korea through international trade. The amendment to the ALDCA should contain a list of countries, zones or compartments that the Korean competent authority has allowed or banned imports of ISA-susceptible fish. In addition, the subordinate statutes or administrative rules of the ALDCA need to be revised so that on-site inspections/audit can be conducted for the evaluation of the ISA management system in exporting countries. After the revision of the subordinate statutes or administrative rules, it is necessary to strengthen the present import conditions in line with those that meet the level of ISA management in Korea. As for the strengthened import conditions, the competent authorities of exporting countries must export only salmonid fish produced in zones or compartments declared freedom of ISA to Korea, and must prove through lab-testing that ISAV should not be detected in the fish exporting to Korea. In addition, official veterinarians/fish health professionals of the exporting country should check the health status of the fish within 72 hours prior to export. Also, competent authorities of the exporting countries must attest that fish storage containers and water, ice and other equipment used for transportation should be cleaned and disinfected to avoid contamination with pathogens, including ISA. Therefore, the proposed measures presented here will further improve the current import condition for salmonid fish and assist decision-making on strategies to reduce the risk of ISA introduction into Korea. Also, it is expected to contribute to maintain the status of ISA-free country.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.3-27
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• 2008

This study is to find the causes of the current situations of conflict between generations in regards to succession of their family farm, for the target group of graduates of the year 2008 and their parents. This study also aims at finding a way of controlling and solving the conflicts, and of developing a course of education and training, so that through this process they can come to a rational conclusion to the conflicts that arise regarding succession of the farm, in a climate of harmony and peace. It is found that communication between parents and graduates has normally gone on well, but specific problems related to management of the farm are often present. Furthermore, there is often lack of trust and promise between the parties which often causes difficulties in preparation for the succession of the farm. On the basis of these observation, we have designed and implemented an education workshop and training, as a program in which parents and their successors participated. As a result, we found it to be very effective, but it was also found to be in need of some changes. The workshop is to be implemented in two separate stages. The first stage should focus on communication and trust between family members. Firstly, they are given the opportunity to share the list of concerns withone another, as an ice breaking activity. Secondly, they can present their own hopes or wishes. And lastly, they can communicate with one another in an effort to find resolutions that will be keep both parties satisfied. The second stage should be aimed at establishing agreements concerning succession of the farm in a harmonious and peaceful manor; the second stage is also an opportunity to discuss 'Farm management and succession'. The Korea National Agricultural College (KNAC), as a state college, is in the pursuit of fostering agricultural CEO's for the future of Korea. KNAC is currently implementing a very unique system of interviews in which parents participate together with students, in order to help them make a plan for rational management of their farm and smooth succession of the farm. Although KNAC now has students present a blueprint of their own unique business plans as a graduation thesis, it is necessary for KNAC to complement this system with education and training regarding the succession of family farms. Furthermore, KNAC should also develop an education and training program that is separate for this purpose, and make it a regular course of study of KNAC in the future.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.2_1
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• pp.203-211
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• 2018

Dam discharge is carried out for the management of rivers and area around rivers due to rainy season or drought. Dam discharge should be based on an accurate understanding of the flow rate that can be accommodated in the river. Therefore, understanding the allowable storage capacity of river is an important factor in the management of the environment around the river. However, the methods using water level meters and images, which are currently used to determine the allowable flow rate of rivers, show limitations in terms of accuracy and efficiency. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a method to automatically calculate the allowable storage capacity of river based on the images taken by drone. In the first step, we create a 3D model of the river by using the drone images. This generation process consists of tiepoint extraction, image orientation, and image matching. In the second step, the allowable storage capacity is calculated by cross section analysis of the river using the generated river 3D model and the road and river layers in the target area. In this step, we determine the maximum water level of the river, extract the cross-sectional profile along the river, and use the 3D model to calculate the allowable storage capacity for the area. To prove our method, we used Bukhan river's data and as a result, the allowable storage volume was automatically extracted. It is expected that the proposed method will be useful for real - time management of rivers and surrounding areas and 3D models using drone.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.247-255
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• 2005

ice yield and plant growth response to nitrogen (N) fertilizer may vary within a field, probably due to spatially variable soil conditions. An experiment designed for studying the response of rice yield to different rates of N in combination with variable soil conditions was carried out at a field where spatial variation in soil properties, plant growth, and yield across the field was documented from our previous studies for two years. The field with area of 6,600 m2 was divided into six strips running east-west so that variable soil conditions could be included in each strip. Each strip was subjected to different N application level (six levels from 0 to 165kg/ha), and schematically divided into 12 grids $(10m \times10m\;for\;each\;grid)$ for sampling and measurement of plant growth and rice grain yield. Most of plant growth parameters and rice yield showed high variations even at the same N fertilizer level due to the spatially variable soil condition. However, the maximum plant growth and yield response to N fertilizer rate that was analyzed using boundary line analysis followed the Mitcherlich equation (negative exponential function), approaching a maximum value with increasing N fertilizer rate. Assuming the obtainable maximum rice yield is constrained by a limiting soil property, the following model to predict rice grain yield was obtained: $Y=10765{1-0.4704^*EXP(-0.0117^*FN)}^*MIN(I-{clay},\;I_{om},\;I_{cec},\;I_{TN},\; I_{Si})$ where FN is N fertilizer rate (kg/ha), I is index for subscripted soil properties, and MIN is an operator for selecting the minimum value. The observed and predicted yield was well fitted to 1:1 line (Y=X) with determination coefficient of 0.564. As this result was obtained in a very limited condition and did not explain the yield variability so high, this result may not be applied to practical N management. However, this approach has potential for quantifying the grain yield response to N fertilizer rate under variable soil conditions and formulating the site-specific N prescription for the management of spatial yield variability in a field if sufficient data set is acquired for boundary line analysis.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the guardian's experience about tepid massage of children who visited Pediatric Emergency Room (PER). Methods: Data for this study was collected from August 1 to September 30, 2009 using questionnaires of 300 guardians who visited a PER. All data analyses were done using the SPSS 17.0 program and statistical data on frequency and percentage were obtained. $x^2$ test was done as well. Results: The results of this study were as follows: 73.7% of the guardians were doing the tepid massage, and 40% of them were doing the tepid massage when guardians thought that their children had a fever. 8.6% of them were incorrectly doing the tepid massage on their children such as using ice or alcohol. 90.5% of the children's condition changed when they had the tepid massage applied. Only 48% of the guardians got information about tepid massage, and 52.8% of the guardians got this information from the medical team. There were significant differences according to the education background about tepid massage (p<.001) and past hospital admissions history. There were differences according to whether their child had experience with febrile seizure(p=.085) and having more than one child at home (p=.085). Conclusion: This study revealed that the guardians were incorrectly doing the tepid massage on their children. The results of this study suggest that it is necessary to develop certain emergency nursing processes on accurate information and management strategies about tepid massage, and further studies on the effects of this kind education intervention are necessary.