• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4215-4220
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• 2012

AML (Acute myeloid leukemia) is a form of blood cancer where growth of myeloid cells occurs in the bone marrow. The prognosis is poor in general for many reasons. One is the presence of leukaemia-specific recognition markers such as FLT3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3). Another name of FLT3 is stem cell tyrosine kinase-1 (STK1), which is known to take part in proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of hematopoietic cells, usually being present on haemopoietic progenitor cells in the bone marrow. FLT3 act as an independent prognostic factor for AML. Although a vast literature is available about the association of FLT3 with AML there still is a need of a brief up to date overview which draw a clear picture about this association and their effect on overall survival.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3E
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• pp.79-87
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• 2009

This paper reviews several multi-source localization methods which estimate ITDs based on zero crossings (ZCs). Employing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation from ITD variances, these ZC-based source localization methods are more robust to diffuse noise than the cross-correlation (CC)-based one with less computational complexity. In order to take reverberant environments into account, two approaches detect intervals which dominantly contain direct-path components from sources to sensors because they may effectively provide reliable ITDDs corresponding to source directions. One accomplishes the detection by comparing the original and cepstral-prefiltering-processed envelopes, and the other searches sudden increase of acoustic energy by considering typical characteristics of acoustic reverberation. Experiments for comparison of these methods demonstrate that the approach with energy-based detection efficiently achieves multi-source localization in reverberant environments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.641-644
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• 2005

This study reveals some recent attempt in modeling empirically obtained B&K HATS (Head and Torso Simulator) HRTFs (Head Related Transfer Functions) to Isolate parameters that stimulate lateral and elevation perception. Localization using non-individual HRTFs often yields poor performance in synthesizing virtual sound sources when applied to a group of individuals due to differences in size and shape of head, pinnae, and torso. For realization of both effective and efficient virtual audio it is necessary to develop a method to tailor a given set of non-individual HRTFs to fit each listener without measuring his/her HRTF set. Pole-zero modeling is applied to fit HRIRs (Head Related Impulse Responses) and modeling criterions for determining suitable number of parameters are suggested for efficient modeling. Horizontal HRTFs are modeled as minimum-phase transfer functions with appropriate ITDs (Interaural Time Delay) obtained from RTF (Ray Tracing Formula) to better fit the size of listener's head for usage in simple virtualizer algorithms without complex regularization processes. Result of modeling HRTFs in the median plane is shown and parameters responsible for elevation perception are isolated which can be referred to in the future study of developing customizable HRTFs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.4869-4872
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• 2015

Background: Mutations of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) receptor gene may promote proliferation via activation of multiple signaling pathways. FLT3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) is the most common gene alteration found in patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and has been associated with poor prognosis. Materials and Methods: We performed mutational analysis of exons 14-15 and 20 of the FLT3 gene in 54 AML patients using PCR-CSGE (conformational sensitive gel electrophoresis) followed by sequencing analysis to characterise FLT3 mutations in adult patients diagnosed with AML at Hospital USM, Kelantan, Northeast Peninsular Malaysia. Results: FLT3 exon 14-15 mutations were identified in 7 of 54 patients (13%) whereas no mutation was found in FLT3 exon 20. Six ITDs and one non-ITD mutation were found in exon 14 of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain of FLT3. FLT3-ITD mutations were associated with a significantly higher blast percentage (p-value = 0.008) and white blood cell count (p-value = 0.023) but there was no significant difference in median overall survival time for FLT3-ITD+/FLT3-ITD- within 2 years (p-value = 0.374). Conclusions: The incidence of FLT3-ITD in AML patients in this particular region of Malaysia is low compared to the Western world and has a significant association with WBC and blast percentage.