• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.25-35
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the sensory characteristic quality of commercial milk brands selling in the market under the preservation at the temperature of $7^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ stored during the period of shelf-life. Quantitative descriptive analysis after developing of descriptive terms and cluster characterization by PCA analysis over a total of 128 LTLT, HTST, UHT and UHT-ESL milks, were conducted by 8 trained panelists. A total of fourteen attributes; three aroma attributes (grassy, milky, cultured milk aroma) and seven flavor/taste attributes (sweet, salty, sour, milk, cooked, cheesy, paper board) and one aftertaste attributes (rancid flavor) and one texture attributes (viscous), were developed as descriptive terms. Significant differences (P<0.01) in the sensory attributes; sweet, milky, cheesy etc. in UHT milk and sour, cheesy, paper board, rancid etc. in UHT-ESL milk were also found between the two different temperatures within the shelf life, but both type of pasteurized milk samples (LTLT and HTST) showed significant differences (P<0.01) in the attributes, such as cultured milk aroma, salty, sour, cheesy, rancid in LTLT milk and grassy, milky, salty in HTST milk and difference (P<0.05) in cultured milk aroma for HTST milk. Therefore, from the viewpoint of not only hygienic quality but also sensory characteristics, it is required for the better acceptance of milk consumers to amendment on the regulation in relation to the preservation standard of pasteurized milk as well as UHT milk to lower than $7^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study was conducted a visual landscape resources inventory and grade assessment on natural resources and cultural resources of Chiaksan National Park. Landscapes of National Parks are categorized into four types: seascape, mountain landscape, village landscape, and temple historical landscape. Landscape lists were constructed for each district for a total of 120 lists through field research on 7 trails. The landscape list per trail has Guryong~Birobong(31%), Seungnam~Namdaebong(22%), Geumdae~Namdaebong(16%), Bugok~Hanenggu(165), Hwanggol~Ipseoksa(6%), Hyangrobong~Nandaebong(5%) and Godeunjae~Wontonggol(4%). Landscape Assessment items were divided into five characteristics of view, unique, use, history culture, natural reflected by item. Items were divided into three grades of landscape by 4, 3, 2, 1 for each item of the assessment criteria and Delphi survey. Mountain landscapes were assessed in I grade of 72 sites, II grade of 26 sites, III grade of 7 sites. Temple Historical landscapes were assessed in I grade of 4 sites, II grade of 7 sites, III grade of 4 sites. The study results can be used as a basis for mountain parks management. It is necessary to focus on managing the landscape of I grade site. The higher ratings of the Mountain landscapes are related to the view and natural score. Also, the grading of Temple Historical landscapes is related to the history cultural, natural and use score. In addition, the mountain landscape were identified as being included outside landscape resources, the place of landscape resources with outside ratings were higher and the view was related. Landscape management is needed for the conservation of Mountain landscape and Temple Historical landscape type rating as excellent areas on the basis of the results of the inventory and assessment. For future improvement the Guryong-Birobong trail is judged as a harmonious representative landscape of the Mountain and Temple Historical landscape and will require conservation as a focus management area. In the case of Mountain landscape improvements, maintenance such as pruning trees, wood observatory and interpretation sign for a landscape with minimal inhibitory landscaping is needed. When installing artificial facilities in the Temple Historical landscapes, the use of materials harmonizing with the surroundings landscape must be considered as well as the standards of facilities limitation.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.275-284
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• 2008

Purpose: We intended to evaluate myocardial oxygen consumption ($MVO_2)$ by applying recirculation correction and modified one-compartment model to have a reference range of $MVO_2$ in normal young population and to reveal the effect of recirculation on time-activity curve (TAC). Materials and Methods: In nine normal male volunteers with mean age of $26.3{\pm}4.0$, $MVO_2$ was estimated with 925 MBq (25mCi) of $^{11}C$-Acetate (Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea) and PET/CT (Biograph 6, Siemens Medical Solution, Germany). Analysis software such as $MATLAB^{(R)}$ v7.1 (Mathworks, Inc., United States), $Excel^{(R)}$ 2007 (Microsoft, United States), and $SPSS^{(R)}$ v12.0 (Apache Software Foundation, United States) were used. Twenty three frames were of $12{\times}10$, $5{\times}60$, $3{\times}120$, $2{\times}300's$ duration, respectively. The modified one-compartmental model and the recirculation correction method were applied. Statistical analysis was performed by using Test of Normality, ANOVA and Post-Hoc (Scheffe's) analysis, and p-value less than 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The normal reference ranges of $MVO_2$ were presented as $3.18-4.64\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;ml/g/sec$, $1.91-3.94\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;ml/g/sec$, $4.31-6.40\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;ml/g/sec$, $2.84-4.53\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;ml/g/sec$ and $3.42-5.00\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;ml/g/sec$ in the septum, the inferior wall, the lateral wall, the anterior wall and the entire wall, respectively. In addition, it was noted that the dual exponentiality of the clearance curve is due to the recirculation effect and that the characteristic of the curve is essentially mono-exponential. Conclusion: $^{11}C$-Acetate is a radiotracer worthwhile to assess $MVO_2$. Re-circulated $^{11}C$ can influence TAC of $^{11}C$ in myocadia and so the recirculation correction must be considered when measuring $MVO_2$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.32-37
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• 2013

Relationships among climate changes, early frost, and fruit growth were studied during the final month to harvest of late-maturing 'Fuyu' persimmon (Diospyros kaki) to assess the changes in fruit characteristics during this critical period. The heavy frost on Nov. 16 defoliated more than 70% of the leaves, but with little damage on the fruits. However, all the leaves were defoliated by the heavy frost on Nov. 20, and all the fruits were cold-damaged by $-3.3^{\circ}C$ on Nov. 21. Fruit weight increased by 8-25 g per week from Oct. 25 (142 days after full bloom) to Nov. 15, reaching to 250 g, but it decreased by 3-4 g per week after the frost. Hunter a value of fruit skin gradually increased until the last harvest on Nov. 29 with a temporary halt in early Nov. when temperature was high, whereas fruit firmness rapidly decreased after the frost on Nov. 21. Fruit soluble solids were $15.7-16.1^{\circ}Brix$ for the final month. When some branches were covered with non-woven fabrics to avoid direct contact with frost, the fruits on the branches were not visually damaged by the low temperature although 40-60% of their leaves were defoliated on Nov. 16. However, low temperature on Nov. 20 and 21 defoliated all the leaves, causing cold damage on the fruits. There was a highly significant correlation between the fruit diameter and its weight ($R^2$ = 0.73-0.91). So, the regression equations could be used to estimate weight from diameter of the fruits sampled from the branches with the non-woven fabrics. The calculated fruit weight reached to a maximum of 240 g on Nov. 15. Daily increases in fruit weight were 1.1-2.5 g from Oct. 25 to 31, 1.9-3.5 g from Oct. 31 to Nov. 7, and 1.4-1.6 g from Nov. 7 to 12. However, fruit weight decreased by 0.3-1 g per day after the cold damage on Nov. 21. The results indicate that the most appropriate harvest time could be dependent on relationship of fruit growth to climate.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.558-565
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to work related musculoskeletal disorders are a major. Occupational disease of the dental care profession is no exception. The survey was self-reported questionars of 300 dental hygienists that 268 dental hygienists reply to self-reported survey. This study results are as follows: Subjects of research analyzing the degree of physical musculoskeletal disorders pain, shoulder 90.3%, neck 89.2%, leg 83.6%, 81.7% back, hand/wrist/fingers 75.7%, arm/elbow, according to 52.8%. Therefore the work province of the research object people the musculoskeletal disorders appeared different. Generally characteristic was taller dental hygienists lower back pain and were out of less weight, study subjects had neck and arm pain. 29~33 year-old age the shoulder, over the age of 34 the arm/elbow to be high (p<0.05). Working environment to become a career, the more hand/wrist/fingers and the pain increased (p<0.05). The neck, shoulders (p<0.05), arm (p<0.01), waist high in the 3~4 years experience. And leg/foot was in the 1~2 years experience. This increase in working hours had increased pain in the neck but the hand/wrist/finger pain in the small hours of experience in the high pain(p<0.01). Conclusion of the musculoskeletal disorders of the dental hygienists often than the average for this risk is recognized. When it occurs early in treatment can be simple, but time is left to revert to normal when you do not already. Therefore, maintaining proper posture and dental hygienists, pain or fatigue appeared to accumulate immediately treated continued efforts are needed.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.153-165
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• 2000

The antenatal self-care, one of antenatal management, was almost done by a pregnant woman herself. But It's especially difficult for primigravidas to cope with the change of being pregnant, and they also had insufficient knowledge of pregnancy, The purpose of this study was to serve as a basis for antenatal management, by grasping how much primigravidas performed antenatal self-care, how much they had maternity-related knowledge, and what factors affected those two factors. The subjects of this study were the primigravidas, selected from among visitors to a general hospital and a hospital for obstetrics and gynecology located in the city of K. A questionnaire survey was carried out over them from July 16 to August 19, 1998, to collect data. The test instrument used in this study for antenatal self-care behavior was one that modified the measurement instrument employed in studies by Kim Hae Won(1996), Lee Mi La(1984), and Yoon Young Mi(1994). Another one for maternity-related knowledge was Kim, Hae Won(1996)'s instrument. The collected data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC+. Frequency and percentage were calculated to find out the primigravidas' general characteristics, and the mean and standard deviation, rank were estimated to determine the degrees of antenatal self-care behavior and maternity-related knowledge, t-test and ANOVA were carried out to identify the general characteristic that affected antenatal self-care and maternity-related knowledge. and the relationship of antenatal self-care behavior to maternity-related knowledge was tested by Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings of this study were as follows; First, the age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 37, and their mean age was 26.43. Their mean gestational period was 24.87 weeks. 45% of the subjects were in the third-term pregnancy. Second, their total mean score in antenatal self-care behavior ranged from 94, the highest, to 36, the lowest. Its average score was 63.81(SD 9.98). The total mean score in maternity-related knowledge ranged from 20, the highest, to 1, the lowest, and its average score was 10.91(SD 4.59, 54.55 percent). Third, the general characteristics that gave impact on the primigravidas' antenatal self-care behavior were age, educational background, gestational period, experience of natural miscarriage, and experience of infertility test. A higher score in antenatal self-care behavior was gained by the primigravida group who had better educational background(F=3.29, p=.02), who was in the late stage of pregnancy(F=4.31, p=.01), who experienced a natural miscarriage(t=2.06, p=.04), and who went through a infertility test(t=-2.19, p=.04). Fourth, the general characteristics that had an influence on maternity-related knowledge were identified as the religion, the term of marriage, and the gestational period. A higher score in maternity-related knowledge was got by the primigravida group who had a religion(t=-2.02, p=.04), and who was in the late stage of pregnancy(F=5.77, p=.003). The term of marriage also made a significant difference(F=3.46, p=.02). Fifth, the relationship of the total mean score between antenatal self-care behavior and maternity-related knowledge was found to be at r=.37(p=.0001). In this study, an attempt was made to affirm the subjects' characteristics, the degree of their antenatal self-care behavior, and the extent of their maternity-related knowledge, to confirm what characteristics affected significantly primigravida's antenatal self-care behavior and maternity-related knowledge, and to verify that there was a relationship between the two variables. The meaning of this study might be backed up by the fact that its findings would serve as a basis for primigravida's efficient antenatal management in the future.

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.243-256
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the anodization and cyclic calcification treatment on the surface characteristic and bioactivity of the titanium thin sheet in order to obtain basic data for the production of bioactive titanium membrane. A $30{\times}20{\times}0.08mm$ titanium sheets were prepared, and then they were pickled for 10 seconds in the solution which was mixed with $HNO_3:HF:H_2O$ in a ratio of 12: 7: 81. The $TiO_2$ nanotube layer was formed to increase the specific surface area of the titanium, and then the cyclic calcification treatment was performed to induce precipitation of hydroxiapatite by improvement of the bioactivity. The corrosion resistance test, wettability test and immersion test in simulated body solution were conducted to investigate the effect of these surface treatments. The nanotubes formed by the anodization treatment have a dense structure in which small diameter tubes are formed between relatively large diameter tubes, and their inside was hollow and the outer walls were coupled to each other. The hydroxyapatite precipitates were well combined on the nanotubes by the penetration into the nanotube layer by successive cyclic calcification treatment, and the precipitation of hydroxyapatite tended to increase proportionally after immersion in simulated body solution as the number of cycles increased. In conclusion, it was confirmed that induction of precipitation of hydroxyapatite by cyclic calcification treatment after forming the nanotube $TiO_2$ nanotube layer on the surface of the titanium membrane can contribute to improvement of bioactivity.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.349-353
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• 2009

We developed a new barley cultivar "Dami" (Hordeum vulgare L.) with the auricleless gene lig (al, li, aur-a). The characteristic of auricleless is a spontaneous mutant type which has known as a monogenic recessive gene. The plant with the gene has erect leaf blades because of no auricle. The cultivar was derived from a cross between 'BGS60' and 'Kangbori'. 'BGS60' has the auricleless gene (li), while 'Kangbori' showed a high biomass with winter hardiness and resistance to BaYMV (Barley Yellow Mosaic Virus). Subsequent generations were handled by the bulk method in a pedigree selection program. A promising line showed both high yield and lodging resistance in the yield trials at Iksan in 2003 to 2004, and designated as Iksan414. The line was subsequently evaluated for winter hardiness, earliness, and yield in the seven locations around Korea for three years from 2005 to 2007 and was designated as "Dami" and released. It has the growth habit of III, erect plant type, green leaf and stem similar to the check cultivar 'Sunwoo' Its heading date was April 30, and maturing date May 31 in paddy field conditions, which were similar to those of 'Sunwoo' respectively. The cultivar Dami was 97 cm in culm length, had 643 spikes per $m^2$ and higher leaf dry weight, and better adaptability to dense planting, winter hardiness, and resistance to BaYMV than the check cultivar did. The average forage yield of "Dami" was about 12 ton $ha^{-1}$ in dry matter (33 ton $ha^{-1}$ in fresh matter) in paddy field. "Dami" also showed 7.5% of crude protein content, 28.5% of ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber), 50.1% of NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber), and 66.4% of TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients), including higher grade of silage quality for whole crop barley. This cultivar would be suitable for the area where the daily minimum temperature of January is above $-8^{\circ}C$ in Korean peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.251-262
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• 2010

In order to provide quantitative control of the standard products of Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), on-board radiometric correction, atmospheric correction, and bio-optical algorithm are obtained continuously by comprehensive and consistent calibration and validation procedures. The calibration/validation for radiometric, atmospheric, and bio-optical data of GOCI uses temperature, salinity, ocean optics, fluorescence, and turbidity data sets from buoy and platform systems, and periodic oceanic environmental data. For calibration and validation of GOCI, we compared radiometric data between in-situ measurement and HyperSAS data installed in the Ieodo ocean research station, and between HyperSAS and SeaWiFS radiance. HyperSAS data were slightly different in in-situ radiance and irradiance, but they did not have spectral shift in absorption bands. Although all radiance bands measured between HyperSAS and SeaWiFS had an average 25% error, the 11% absolute error was relatively lower when atmospheric correction bands were omitted. This error is related to the SeaWiFS standard atmospheric correction process. We have to consider and improve this error rate for calibration and validation of GOCI. A reference target site around Dokdo Island was used for studying calibration and validation of GOCI. In-situ ocean- and bio-optical data were collected during August and October, 2009. Reflectance spectra around Dokdo Island showed optical characteristic of Case-1 Water. Absorption spectra of chlorophyll, suspended matter, and dissolved organic matter also showed their spectral characteristics. MODIS Aqua-derived chlorophyll-a concentration was well correlated with in-situ fluorometer value, which installed in Dokdo buoy. As we strive to solv the problems of radiometric, atmospheric, and bio-optical correction, it is important to be able to progress and improve the future quality of calibration and validation of GOCI.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.175-195
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• 1998

Automatic lineament extraction algorithms had been developed by various researches for geological purpose using remotely sensed data. However, most of them are designed for a certain topographic model, for instance rugged mountainous region or flat basin. Most of common topographic characteristic in Korea is a mountainous region along with alluvial plain, and consequently it is difficult to apply previous algorithms directly to this area. A new algorithm of automatic lineament extraction from remotely sensed images is developed in this study specifically for geological applications. An algorithm, named as DSTA(Dynamic Segment Tracing Algorithm), is developed to produce binary image composed of linear component and non-linear component. The proposed algorithm effectively reduces the look direction bias associated with sun's azimuth angle and the noise in the low contrast region by utilizing a dynamic sub window. This algorithm can successfully accomodate lineaments in the alluvial plain as well as mountainous region. Two additional algorithms for estimating the individual lineament vector, named as ALEHHT(Automatic Lineament Extraction by Hierarchical Hough Transform) and ALEGHT(Automatic Lineament Extraction by Generalized Hough Transform) which are merging operation steps through the Hierarchical Hough transform and Generalized Hough transform respectively, are also developed to generate geological lineaments. The merging operation proposed in this study is consisted of three parameters: the angle between two lines($\delta$$\beta$), the perpendicular distance($(d_ij)$), and the distance between midpoints of lines(dn). The test result of the developed algorithm using Landsat TM image demonstrates that lineaments in alluvial plain as well as in rugged mountain is extremely well extracted. Even the lineaments parallel to sun's azimuth angle are also well detected by this approach. Further study is, however, required to accommodate the effect of quantization interval(droh) parameter in ALEGHT for optimization.