• 무역상무연구
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• 제39권
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• pp.143-175
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• 2008

The documentary letter of credit is the most preferred and frequently used method in International Payment System in Korea, as it has less possibility of occurring credit risks in export than any other payment system. That's because the exporter can get payment from the issuing bank(confirming bank) by delivering the goods and presenting documents following the required procedure under the letter of credit, as the payment is affirmed by the issuing bank(including the confirming bank in case of the confirmed letter of credit) regardless of the buyer's payment. However, the pattern of payment methods used in international trade of Korea is changing dramatically like the importance of the credit is decreasing continuously among the payment methods while the remittance is increasing. The increase of remittance has a positive aspect that International Payment System are changing into those of advanced countries, but the decrease of the credit also has a negative aspect that the exporter might have a greater credit risks. Therefore, we need a systematic device to deal with this. Exporters in Korea usually have used the export credit insurance to deal with the credit risks However, the export credit insurance also have a limitation as the policy finance due to the limitation based on the credit status of the business and the limitation of acceptance from the lack of financial resources of the government, etc. Korea, which is the 11th export power in the world, has a basic limitation to deal with the credit risks by depending on the export credit insurance only. So, in this thesis, I have studied on the international factoring, forfaiting, which are advanced export finances and widely used in advanced countries, as substitutes to deal with the credit risks. the international factoring is an trade financing in which a factor offers full services such as credit cover, offering prepayment, collection, account receivables, management, etc, instead of the exporter on the account receivables occurred by the exporter's delivering goods to the importer. This international factoring has a high possibility of using as a means to deal with the credit risks, because it offers prepayment without recourse. the forfaiting is another export financing in which a forfaiter purchases the draft, the promissory note and other negotiable instruments issued from the international trade, with fixed interest rate without recourse from the exporter or previous holder. By using this method, they can avoid foreign exchange risks, contingency risks as well as credit risks, as the conveyances like the promissory note, etc are issued with the note warranty so-called 'per aval' in business practice. These trade financing are good substitutes to deal with the credit risks in export, but they are not widely used in Korea. Though it can be explained with various reasons, the common reasons are the lack of understanding on the use of advanced export finance, the lack of experts to manage the advanced trade finance, the conservative way of thinking of domestic organizations related to trade financing, the lack of organizations supporting the trade financing, etc.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.79-101
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• 2012

This study expands the current body of research by exploring multiple scenarios of insufficient and excessive IT security investments caused by interdependent risks and the interplay between IT security investments and cyber insurance. A key finding is that organizations experiencing interdependent risks with different types of cyber attacks (i.e., targeted and untargeted attacks) use different strategies in making IT security investment decisions and in purchasing cyber insurance policies for their information security risk management than firms that are facing independent risks. The study further provides an economic rationale for employing insurance mechanisms as a risk management solution for information security.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 1997년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.24-31
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• 1997

Recently, in Korea, demand for establishment of systematic risk assessment techniques for construction projects has increased, especially after the large construction failures occurred during construction such as New Haengju Bridge construction projects, subway construction projects, gas explosion accidents etc. Most of existing risk analysis modeling techniques such as Event Tree Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis may not be available for realistic risk assessment of construction projects because it is very complex and difficult to estimate occurrence frequency and failure probability precisely due to a lack of data related to the various risks inherent in construction projects like natural disasters, financial and economic risks, political risks, environmental risks as well as design and construction-related risks. Therefor the main objective of this paper is to suggest systematic probabilistic risk assessment model and demonstrate an approach for probabilistic risk assessment using advanced Event Tree Analysis introducing Fuzzy set theory concepts. It may be stated that the Fuzzy Event Tree AnaIysis may be very usefu1 for the systematic and rational risk assessment for real constructions problems because the approach is able to effectively deal with all the related construction risks in terms of the linguistic variables that incorporate systematically expert's experiences and subjective judgement.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1573-1582
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• 2015

In lifetime data analysis, it is generally known that the lifetimes of test items may not be recorded exactly. There are also situations wherein the withdrawal of items prior to failure is prearranged in order to decrease the time or cost associated with experience. Moreover, it is generally known that more than one cause or risk factor may be present at the same time. Therefore, analysis of censored competing risks data are needed. In this article, we derive the Bayes estimators for the entropy function under the exponential distribution with an unknown scale parameter based on multiply Type II censored competing risks data. The Bayes estimators of entropy function for the exponential distribution with multiply Type II censored competing risks data under the squared error loss function (SELF), precautionary loss function (PLF) and DeGroot loss function (DLF) are provided. Lindley's approximate method is used to compute these estimators.We compare the proposed Bayes estimators in the sense of the mean squared error (MSE) for various multiply Type II censored competing risks data. Finally, a real data set has been analyzed for illustrative purposes.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제11권
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• pp.165-182
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• 2003

본 연구는 이동전화 사용시 소비자들이 느끼는 건강 그리고 경제적 측면의 위험인지 정도를 조사하였고, 이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사하였다. 또한, 이동전화 사용시 소비자들의 건강 그리고 경제적 측면의 위험인지 및 관련 변수들이 이동전화 사용 후 소비자 만족도에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 연구결과를 요약하여 살펴보면, 첫째, 이동전화 사용과 관련한 건강 그리고 경제적 차원의 위험인지는 결혼한 소비자에게 높았다. 소득수준이 높을 수록 경제적 위험인지는 적게 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이동전화에 대한 경제적 위험인지 만이 소비자 만족도에 유의한 영향을 미칠 뿐, 건강에 대한 위험인지 수준은 이동전화 사용 후 소비자 만족도에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 대체로, 객관적인 정보원천을 이용한 소비자, 이동전화 서비스 업체에 대한 신뢰도가 높은 경우, 이동전화 기능 및 서비스 사용방법에 대한 지식이 높을수록 이동전화 사용 후 소비자만족도가 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권12호
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• pp.4809-4818
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• 2022

The decommissioning project of a nuclear facility is a large-scale process that is expected to take about 15 years or longer. The range of risks to be considered is large and complex, then, it is expected that various risks will arise in decision-making by area during the project. Therefore, in this study, the risk family derived from the Decommissioning Risk Management (DRiMa) project was reconstructed into a decommissioning project risk profile suitable for the Kori Unit 1. Two criteria of uncertainty and importance are considered in order to prioritize the selected 26 risks of decommissioning project. The uncertainty is scored according to the relevant laws and decommissioning plan preparation guidelines, and the project importance is scored according to the degree to which it primarily affects the triple constraints of the project. The results of risks are divided into high, medium, and low. Among them, 10 risks are identified as medium level and 16 risks are identified as low level. 10 risks, which are medium levels, are classified in five categories: End state of decommissioning project, Management of waste and materials, Decommissioning strategy and technology, Legal and regulatory framework, and Safety. This study is a preliminary assessment of the risk of the decommissioning project that could be considered in the preparation stage. Therefore, we expect that the project risks considered in this study can be used as an initial data for reevaluation by reflecting the detail project progress in future studies.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.598-612
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• 2018

This research aims to shed a light on the benefits and perceived risks to the willingness to use perceived by consumers, centering on design-customizing service catering to individuals' tastes and needs, and to study their impacts on the use of a design-customizing service. The validation of how benefits and perceived risks affect the intention to use showed that only aesthetic and self-expressive benefits had significant impacts on the willingness to use. However, only time/economic loss and self-design risks had negative impacts on the willingness to use a service. By gender, there was no difference in benefits and perceived risks to willingness to use for the benefit factors, whereas in terms of perceived risks to willingness to use factors. By age, there were also differences in the effects of benefits and perceived risks to purchase on the willingness to use a rash guard customizing service. There were variations in the perceived risks to the willingness to use and benefits depending on age. In particular, it was found that there were no perceived risks to the willingness to use for the age group of 10s. As design-customizing services based on individual tastes have drawn more attention recently, this research on the benefits and perceived risks to purchasing a rash guard design customizing service, as well as their effects on service use (particularly backed up by comparative analysis by gender and age), is expected to provide insights into design-customizing service strategy development.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-22
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• 2007

본 논문은 최근 경쟁적 환경으로 인해 체험적 가치로의 전개가 중요해 지고 있는 상황에서 각광을 받고 있는 체험매장의 효과에 관한 연구이다. 특히 체험매장의 많은 수를 차지하고 있는 IT기업의 경우 체험매장이 브랜드에 대한 긍정적 태도뿐만 아니라, 복합화되고 고가격화되어 가고 있는 신규 디지털 디바이스에 대한 소비자들의 지각된 위험을 낮추는 역할을 기대할 수 있음에도 불구하고 이에 대한 효과를 실증적으로 검증한 연구가 부족하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 IT기업 체험매장의 구성요소를 매장의 물리적 환경, 인적 상호작용, 디지털 디바이스에 대한 체험정도로 구분하고 소비자들의 지각된 위험과 브랜드 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지, 그리고 지각된 위험과 브랜드 태도는 구매의도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 분석결과, 체험매장의 물리적 환경, 인적 상호작용, 제품체험은 첨단 디지털 디바이스 수용에 대한 지각된 위험과 브랜드 태도의 매개효과를 통해 구매의도에 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 경쟁이 치열해지고 있는 IT 시장의 디지털 디바이스가 점차 복합화, 고기능화, 고가격화 되는 상황에서 매장 내 소비자들의 체험이 제품의 수용에 대한 소비자들의 지각된 위험을 낮추고 브랜드에 대한 긍정적 태도를 높임으로써 구매의도에 실제로 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있음을 의미하는 것이다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 학술발표 논문집 제17권 제1호
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• pp.209-212
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• 2007

Non-additive measures and their corresponding Choquet integrals are very useful tools which are used in both insurance and financial markets. In both markets, it is important to to update prices to account for additional information. The update price is represented by the Choquet integral with respect to the conditioned non-additive measure. In this paper, we consider a price functional H on interval-valued risks defined by interval-valued Choquet integral with respect to a non-additive measure. In particular, we prove that if an interval-valued pricing functional H satisfies the properties of monotonicity, comonotonic additivity, and continuity, then there exists an two non-additive measures ${\mu}_1,\;{\mu}_2$ such that it is represented by interval-valued choquet integral on interval-valued risks.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.195-202
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• 1993

The benefits of pesticides in improving the food quantity and quality requirements for an increasing world population are significant, and they can be described in agronomic, economic and social terms. The risks are assessed from the hazards which are likely to occur in practice ; the hazards are defined by the toxicity of the pesticide to non-target organisms at various exposure levels. There are ways of reducing the risks (mainly by reducing exposure in practice) and improving the benefits of pesticides ; these are known as risk management and benefit management respectively. The overall risk-benefit assessment is facilitated if each component can be expressed in financial terms, but it must be made nationally or locally on a sound technical basis against the prevailing agronomic, socio-economic and political circumstances. Paraquat is used to illustrate the risk-benefit assessment process in general terms, and the conclusion is that the benefits greatly outweigh the risks. It is important to keep the risks of pesticides in perspective with those associated with other naturally occurring chemicals in our diet and with other everyday aspects of life. In an overall context, the pesticide risk is small.