• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

The perceptual assimilation of a nonnative phonological contrast can change with linguistic experience, resulting in naïve listeners and novice second language (L2) learners potentially assimilating the members of a nonnative contrast to different native (L1) categories. While it has been shown that this sort of change can affect the discrimination of the nonnative contrast, it has not been tested whether such a change could have consequences for the production of the contrast. In this study, L1 speakers of Mandarin Chinese who were (1) naïve to Korean, (2) novice L2 learners, or (3) advanced L2 learners participated in a Korean non-word repetition task using word-initial sibilants. The initial CVs of their repetitions were then played to L1 Korean listeners who categorized the initial consonant. The naïve talkers were more likely to repeat an initial /s^ha/ as an affricate, whereas the L2 learners repeated it as a fricative, in line with how these listeners have been shown to assimilate Korean sibilants to Mandarin categories. This result suggests that errors in the production of new words presented auditorily to nonnative listeners may be driven by how they perceptually assimilate the nonnative sounds, emphasizing the need to better understand what drives changes in perceptual assimilation that accompany increased linguistic experience.

• 대기
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.33-37
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• 2013

In meteorology, exploitation of Kalman filter as a data assimilation system is virtually impossible due to simultaneous requirements of adjoint model and large computer resource. The other substitute of utilizing ensemble Kalman filter is only affordable by compensating an enormous usage of computing resource. Furthermore, the latter employs ensemble integration sets for evolving the background error covariance matrix by compensating the dynamical feature of the temporal evolution of weather conditions. We propose a new implementation method that works without the adjoint model by utilizing the explicit expression of the background error covariance matrix in backward evolution. It will also break a barrier in the evolution of the covariance matrix. The method may be applied with a slight modification to the real time assimilation or the retrospective analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.329-335
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• 1998

The growth of Phytolacca L. grown under three light regimes at three nutrient concentrations was analyzed. The effect of shading treatment on plnat growth was greater than that of nutrient treatment. Plant dry mass increased more than 5-fold during 21 days under 33% and 100% irradiances, whereas that was strongly reduced under 8% irradiance. Net assimilation rate decreased with plant growth irrespective of light and nutrient treatments, though the highest net assimilation rate was shown under 100% irradiance. Under 33% irradiance leaf area in plants supplied with nutrient solution increased to such extent as to compensate reduction in net assimilation rate, whic maintains almost identical growth rate with that under 100% irradiance. The relatonship between total plant nitrogen and leaf nitrogen content was dependent on the growth irradiance. Moreover, leaf nitrogen and specific leaf weight were also changed depending on the light and nutrient conditions. Based on these findings, it is suggested that the adaptive characteristics of Pokeberry plant to light and nutrient conditions may contribute to rapid extension of Pokeberry habital in Korea rocently.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the lexical representation of phonological variants derived from optional vs. obligatory phonological processes. Given that place assimilation is optionally processed, whereas nasal assimilation is obligatory in Korean, a long-term repetition priming experiment was conducted, using a shadowing task. Korean speakers shadowed words containing either assimilated or unassimilated consonants in three priming conditions and their shadow responses were evaluated. It was shown that in both place and nasal assimilations, shadowing latencies for unassimilated stimuli were longer than those for assimilated stimuli in the mismatched condition. These results suggest that even in the optional assimilation, assimilated variants were processed more easily and faster than the canonical variants. The present results argue against the frequency-based account of multiple lexical representation (Connine, 2004; Connine & Pinnow, 2006; Ranbom & Connine, 2007; $B{\ddot{u}rki$, Ernestus, & Frauenfelder, 2010; $B{\ddot{u}rki$, Alario, & Frauenfelder, 2011).

• Journal of Smart Tourism
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.5-15
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• 2022

As the utilization of technology in the tourism field becomes familiar, it greatly impacts people's tourism activities. These changes could also affect the behavior of tourists during the pandemic. To investigate consumers' adaptation to the self-service technology (SST) environment during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we adopted a model of absorptive capacity as the main framework for empirical research. To track the social effects of COVID-19, consumers' behavioral intentions for four different points in time are collected. The analysis was conducted using latent growth and structural equation modeling. We set the organizational and environmental characteristics as the first step of the model, with assimilation and trust as a middle step. Intention to use a kiosk is placed at the final step as an exploit. Findings indicate that organizational characteristics and environmental characteristics positively influenced assimilation and trust, except for environmental characteristics. Consumers' assimilation in SST encourages immediate intention to use a kiosk. Consumers' trust in kiosks positively impacts both immediate and continuance intention to use a kiosk during COVID-19.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.81-94
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• 2010

This qualitative research was designed to explore the use of housing among Korean Chinese people in Harbin, China. Focusing on the use which based on the epistemology of housing adjustment, this was particularly designed to examine its cultural assimilation and acculturation on the way of life course, it employed the in-depth interview on the oral history of 5 interviewees in their 60s and 70s, individualized interviews were conducted from May 28 to 31 in 2010. Key findings were summarized as follows; 1. The free market reform in China resulted in privatization that allowed respondents to become homeowners, and the ownership was viewed as part of family asset centered upon a sense of solidarity. 2. Although homeowners in multi-story houses were responsible to decorate interior spaces, the common features in using interior spaces were found: entrance had no thresholds; kitchen was small, lack of storage cabinets, tile-flooring; washers were installed inside bathroom; and newly built apartment didn't have proper space to store Korean fermented foods. It was observed that housing adaptation outweighed housing adjustment. Those who used to live in Chinese houses with indoor-wearing-shoes or Russian houses with indoor-wearing-slippers were receptive to the use of dining table and bed, and the community heating system discouraged the use of individual electric water heater because of high electricity cost. 3. In daily life, eating habit wasn't much changed to the Chinese style, meals were shared, dish sterilizer was popular, and Kimchi fridge wasn't used. Because of the influence of the Chinese culture, such Korean traditions as ancestral rites and bedroom allocation tradition faded away, but traditional family values remained unchanged. In conclusion, Korean Chinese people experience normative housing deficits and adaptation selectively incurred. It's implied that residential design meets the needs resulting from the dual culture in terms of cultural assimilation and acculturation.

• Neurospine
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.323-328
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• 2018

The author reviews the various types of cervical fusion that are associated with instability of the craniovertebral junction. Assimilation of the atlas, C2-3 fusion, the Klippel-Feil abnormality, and pancervical fusion are amongst the more common types of bone abnormalities. It is conceptualised that these types of cervical fusion are not related to any kind of embryological dysgenesis or fault, but instead emerge due to longstanding muscle spasms of the neck in response to atlantoaxial instability. Such bone fusions could be secondary protective responses to longstanding atlantoaxial instability.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.511-525
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• 2008

거주지 분화(residential segregation)는 도시 불평등을 심화하는 요인 중 하나이다. 본 연구는 거주지 분화의 원인에 대한 상이한 주장들을 살펴보고 사례분석을 통해 현실 적합성을 검증하고자 한다. 이론적 고찰은 일찍이 논의가 활발했던 미국도시의 인종 민족별 거주지 분화에 대한 것으로 한정하였으며, 거주지 분화가 소수민족의 주류사회로의 낮은 동화에 기인한다고 주장하는 지리적 동화론(spatial assimilation), 주택금융시장의 인종차별에 기인한다는 층화론(place stratification), 그리고 거주지선택에 있어 타민족에 대한 선입관과 자기민족에 대한 선호에 기인한다는 재기되는 민족성론(resurgent ethnicity)을 살펴보았다. 사례 연구로 시카고에 거주하는 아시아인의 거주패턴의 변화를 출신국가별로 지도로 그려 분석하였다. 1990년대를 통한 가장 큰 변화는 교외화와 재집중화로 요약될 수 있으며 이는 민족성론을 그리고 부분적으로 마나 동화론을 뒷받침한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.759-774
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• 2006

We employed two data assimilation techniques including MM5 Four Dimensional Data Asssimilation (FDDA) and Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) to find out the effects of the changed inetial conditions on the wind fields simulation according to the objective analysis methods. We designed 5 different modeling cases. EXP B used no data assimilation system. Both EXP Fl using surface observations and EXP F2 with surface and upper-air observations employed MM5 FDDA. EXP Ll using surface observations and EXP L2 with surface and upper-air observations used LAPS. As results of, simulated wind fields using MM5 FDDA showed locally characterized wind features due to objective analysis techniques in FDDA which is forcefully interpolating simulated results into observations. EXP Fl represented a large difference in comparison of wind speed with EXP B. In case of LAPS, simulated horizontal distribution of wind fields showed a good agreement with the patterns of initial condition and EXP Ll showed comparably lesser effects of data assimilation of surface observations than EXP Fl. When upper-air observations are applied to the simulations, while MM5 FDDA could hardly have important effects on the wind fields simulation and showed little differences with simulations with merely surface observations (EXP Fl), LAPS played a key role in simulating wind fields accurately and it could contribute to alleviate the over-estimated winds in EXP Ll simulations.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.556-572
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• 2015

This paper presents the applications of spatial interpolation and assimilation methods for satellite and ground meteorological data, including temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation in regions of Vietnam. In this work, Universal Kriging is used for spatially interpolating ground data and its interpolated results are assimilated with corresponding satellite data to anticipate better gridded data. The input meteorological data was collected from 98 ground weather stations located all over Vietnam; whereas, the satellite data consists of the MODIS Atmospheric Profiles product (MOD07), the ASTER Global Digital Elevation Map (ASTER DEM), and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in six years. The outputs are gridded fields of temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation. The empirical results were evaluated by using the Root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean percent error (MPE), which illustrate that Universal Kriging interpolation obtains higher accuracy than other forms of Kriging; whereas, the assimilation for precipitation gradually reduces RMSE and significantly MPE. It also reveals that the accuracy of temperature and humidity when employing assimilation that is not significantly improved because of low MODIS retrieval due to cloud contamination.