• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.78
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• pp.31-51
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• 2018

As International arbitration has increased in popularity, there has been an expansion in the pool of arbitrators, and a commensurate diversification of not only the legal backgrounds but cultural backgrounds among themand among parties. As a result, there has been increased attention on the standards used to evaluate arbitrators' conduct and ethics, especially among them, 'Impartiality and Independence of Arbitrator' which is a precondition for an acceptable awards. There is no international treaty or code governing these issues. But the International Bar Association(IBA) seems to be leading the way such as establishing practical guidelines regarding to impartiality and independence of arbitrator. This article will review some theories, cases about impartiality and independence of arbitrator, and practical standards through the IBA guidelines. It is intended to provide specific guidance and criteria to the arbitrators, parties and counsels. And also it is expected to prevent unnecessary delays in arbitration proceedings in advance and filing for the annulment of arbitral awards because of lack of impartiality and independence of arbitrator as well.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 2020

Probiotics are actively being studied for their efficacious anticancer, anticholesterol, and antidiabetic properties. As novel probiotic strains are being developed continuously, new strain-specific safety issues may be reported. Therefore, a procedure for the safety evaluation of probiotic strains is needed. In this study, we investigated the current status of domestic and foreign guidelines for the evaluation of safety of probiotics and suggested a general probiotic safety evaluation process. In other countries, the guidelines for probiotic evaluation are provided and managed separately. However, in Korea, general guidelines are provided regarding the use of functional ingredients, and specific guidelines for the use of probiotics are lacking. A review step based on the characteristics of the probiotics has been introduced in the procedure for safety evaluation of probiotics. Additionally, it has been suggested that the safety evaluation process should consider the results of the functional and genomic analysis for strain identification. Moreover, the factors to be evaluated are presented separately for the notified and non-notified strains. The suggested evaluation procedure may ensure the safety of probiotics, thereby promoting enhanced utilization of probiotics as functional products.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.9
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• pp.351-362
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• 2020

This research investigates the credit management guidelines to strengthen Thai industrial sector. The research has been simulated from the findings of both qualitative and quantitative of 500 questionnaires distributed to industrial business executives in Thailand. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis categorized into SME and large enterprises, and SEM to conduct the model in consistent with the empirical data. The results show that: (1) the credit management guidelines consist of 4 factors: a) characteristics management b) financial management c) operations management and d) assets management. The business executives gave overall importance on the guidelines at a high level with an average of 3.86. (2) The development of SEM shows that the model fits with the empirical data at Chi-Square probability level = 0.084, CMIN/DF = 1.164, GFI = 0.965 and RMSEA = 0.018. (3) The characteristics management directly influences the financial management and the operation management. The financial management directly influences on the assets management. The assets management has direct influence on the operations management. The findings show that the characteristics management is the essential starting component in SEM and the financial management factor has the most influence in the assets management variable with standard regression weight of 0.990.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.271-278
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• 2005

Reproductive and developmental toxicology is concerned with various physical or chemical agents interfering with fertility in both gender or normal growth of offsprings. Reproductive and developmental toxicology is rather a complex science, with many fields, i.e., various endpoints are involved and many different mechanisms of action. For that reason, diverse aspects must be considered when attempting to assess possible adverse health effects in the area of reproductive and developmental toxicology. The thalidomide tragedy made it clear to regulatory authorities around the world that systematic, comprehensive evaluation of the reproductive cycle was needed to adequately evaluate the potential of medicinal drugs to impair the process of reproduction or the development of embryos, fetuses, and children. International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed a guideline to assess the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Also these guidelines have since been applied to the detection and regulation of environmental toxicants, food additives, and so on. Although it was hoped that testing procedures of guideline would be updated constantly to reflect the current state of the science in reproductive and developmental toxicology, it was not until this decade that regulatory guidelines and testing methods have been altered in a significant way. In this paper, we would like to present the recommended approaches and recent trends for improvement of testing guidelines or experimental methods in reproductive and developmental toxicology.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.863-868
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• 2008

In accordance with the guidelines on the balcony structure changes in December 2005, most of tenants were moving into apartment housing, expand the balcony, but some large deviation between the price construction costs set of cases, due to overuse and the cause of the dispute, and the housing law amended in 2007 due to price cap system is implemented, the cost of expansion the balcony overdose pointed out that there is set to boost the sale price has been raised. These issues in order to improve the government in January 2008, the "Note costs by the balcony expansion" suggested guidelines to protect the rights of tenants and wants to promote the settlement of the sale price cap system. This study calculated the "Note costs by the balcony expansion" window system based on double or single, high performance insulation window system of the quantitative performance analysis of each type window that purpose.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to consider the effectiveness of continuous $CO_2$ emission monitoring in waste incinerator. To prevent global warming, many countries are trying to reduce $CO_2$, the main greenhouse gas. Currently, Korea is implementing an emission trading scheme to reduce $CO_2$, and waste incinerators are included in this scheme as major $CO_2$ sources. However, when using waste incinerators, $CO_2$ is discharged during incineration of various types of wastes, therefore it is very difficult to calculate the amount of emissions according to IPCC guidelines. In addition, the estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by calculation is known to lack of accuracy comparing with actual emissions. Currently, Korea is operating CleanSYS, which enables continuous measurement of gases emitted into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is possible to estimate the $CO_2$ emissions of waste incineration facilities. The IPCC, which published $CO_2$ emission calculation guidelines, recognizes that direct measurement of emission is a more advanced method in cases of various $CO_2$ emission sources such as a waste incineration facility. Also, Korean emission trading scheme guidelines allow estimation of $CO_2$ emissions by continuous measurement at waste incineration facilities. Therefore, this study considers the effectiveness of a direct measurement method by comparing the results of CleanSYS with the calculation method suggested by the IPCC guidelines.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.3-11
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• 2008

As the elderly population is growing rapidly, guidelines for planning and designing of the elderly housing are required for improving housing environment of the elderly. The purpose of this study is making the basic dimensional standardization of residential spaces for the elderly. The dimensional standard of spaces suggested in this guideline considers characteristics of both aged and the general users. The spaces studied in this research include bedroom, living room, bathroom, kitchen and other circulation spaces in the elderly housing. The design guidelines of furniture, equipment for the aged with sizing of the areas are provided. Finally, applicability of the output is reexamined by implementing this guidelines to the sample planning and design of the elderly housing.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common health problem that affects children more than adults. According to gastroenterologists' guidelines, the management of FB ingestion differs slightly between adult and children. This review aimed to compile adult and children guidelines and establish an understandable association to reveal the requirements and timing of the endoscopic procedure, which is the most effective and least complicated technique for gastrointestinal FBs. Coins, pins, and chicken and fish bones have been the most commonly ingested FBs. However, with their increasing use in recent years, large batteries with lithiumion conversion, stronger magnets composed of rare earth metals, such as neodymium, and superabsorbent objects have become the most morbid and mortal, necessitating new management strategies. Although the approach to gastrointestinal FBs is controversial, with different treatment options available in different disciplines, many studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of endoscopic procedures. Many factors influence the timing of endoscopy, including the nature, size, and location of the ingested object and the patient's clinical condition.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.91-105
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• 2021

Objectives A case report is a detailed medical description of previously unreported observations or complications of medical conditions, unique use cases of tests, or new side effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of case reports published in the Journal of Korea CHUNA Manual Medicine for Spine & Nerves (JKCMSN). Methods Case reports published in the JKCMSN from January 2013 to December 2020 were selected using the Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS). The quality of the reports was assessed based on the Consensus-based Clinical Case Reporting Guideline Development (CARE) guidelines. Results Sixty case reports that met the inclusion criteria were included in the assessment. Our analysis revealed that 71.42% of the case reports included all the necessary information and their level of reporting was good. However, their scores in the qualitative subdivisions of the reporting level parameters showed that the quality level was uneven. More than 65% of the papers did not report in the following categories: "Keywords," "Patient information," "Timeline," "Diagnostic assessment," "Therapeutic interventions," "Follow-up and outcomes," "Patient perspective," and "Informed consent." Conclusions Our analysis shows that CARE guidelines need to be followed more rigorously to improve the quality of reporting in the JKCMSN. Further efforts are necessary to develop reporting guidelines and evaluation tools relevant to the Korean clinical context.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose the environmental planning guidelines of elementary school settings for a crime safety. The research methodologies To achieve the goal, the literature review analysis and the survey were used as main research methodologies. The survey is organized as follows. First, elementary education facilities were divided into 20 spaces based on the major space. Second, after analyzing the domestic and foreign CPTED Guidelines, elements of environmental planning were classified to fit in the space. Based on this, the expert survey was conducted. The results of this study are as follows; First, it is necessary to consider specific places such as 'toilets', 'parking lot', 'in-between space', 'main access road', 'sub-access road' and 'harmful facilities around school' for safer school environment. Second, it is significant to plan 'equipment facilities' and 'outdoor space in the school setting' with priority for elementary education environment. Third, environmental planning elements for safer elementary schools can be classified into 9 factors(types) including 'natural surveillance planning', 'territoriality reinforcement planning', 'mechanical surveillance planning', 'access control planning' and 'neighborhood reinforcement planning'. Forth, regarding 'indoor space', crime-free elementary school environment can be build through 'natural surveillance planning' and 'territoriality reinforcement planning'. Finally, regarding 'outdoor space', the crime can be prevented through 'natural surveillance planning' and 'access control planning'.