• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.101-110
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• 2009

The 6LoWPAN(IPv6 Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network) performs IPv6 header compression, TCP/UDP/IGMP header compression, packet fragmentation and re-assemble to transmit IPv6 packet over IEEE 802,15.4 MAC/PHY. However, from the point of view of security. It has the existing security threats issued by IP packet fragmenting and reassembling, and new security threats issued by 6LoWPAN packet fragmenting and reassembling would be introduced additionally. If fragmented packets are retransmitted by replay attacks frequently, sensor nodes will be confronted with the communication disruption. This paper analysis security threats introduced by 6LoWPAN fragmenting and reassembling, and proposes a re-transmission mechanism that could minimize re-transmission to be issued by replay attacks. Re-transmission procedure and fragmented packet structure based on the 6LoWPAN standard(RFC4944) are designed. We estimate also re-transmission delay of the proposed mechanism. The mechanism utilizes timestamp, nonce, and checksum to protect replay attacks. It could minimize reassemble buffer overflow, waste of computing resource, node rebooting etc., by removing packet fragmentation and reassemble unnecessary.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.242-261
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• 2012

Early stages of technology valuation have been often overlooked or under-represented. The early stage technologies are even riskier due to their inadequacy of commercial development and market applicability. More than 95% of patents fail to earn any revenues so that the majority of patents were valueless. Technology transfers from laboratories at universities and research institutes to industrial firms have increased to acquire value from invented technologies. Technology transfer, a process of transferring discoveries and innovations resulted from research to commercial sectors, typically comprises several steps: disclosing the discoveries and innovations, i.e., intellectual property (IP), evaluating the IP's economic prospects, securing a patent, copyright or trademark for the IP, commercializing the technology through licensing, forming a joint venture, or selling. At each of those stages in the research and development of technology, the value of technology would play a very important role of making decision on the movement toward the next step, however, the financial value of technology is not easy to determine due to a great amount of uncertainty in the course of research and development, and commercialization. This paper refers to technology embodied as devices, equipment, software or processes primarily developed at public research institutions such as universities. Sometimes it is also as the result of externally financed projects contracted with industry. Nearly always technology developed at public research entities results in laboratory prototypes. When it is required to define the technology transfer contract terms for the license of the university patrimonial rights to external funding companies or other interested parties, a question arises: what is the monetary value? In this paper, we present a method for technology valuation based on the identification of specific value points related to its development. The final technology value must be within previously defined value limits. This paper consists of the review of issues related to technology transfer and commercialization, the identification of characteristics of technologies in the early stage of technology development, the formulation of framework of methods to value the early stage technologies, and the conclusion and implication of the previous review.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.32-38
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• 2014

전력시스템에 IT를 결합한 스마트그리드에 대한 연구가 최근 활발히 진행되고 있다. 스마트그리드 중 전력시스템의 핵심이라 할 수 있는 전력시스템 제어센터 간 통신을 담당하는 것이 ICCP 프로토콜이며, 주로 중앙급전소와 지역급전소간의 전력망 정보들을 교환하는데 사용되고 있다. 이 프로토콜은 단지 전력망의 정보교환 뿐 아니라 전력기기제어 기능도 가지고 있다. ICCP 프로토콜은 TCP/IP 프로토콜을 기반으로 동작하기 때문에 잠재적으로 다양한 형태의 사이버 공격이 가능하다. 또한 이 프로토콜을 사용하는 중앙급전소의 경우 주요 국가기반시설로써 사이버테러에 더욱더 공고한 대응체계를 갖추어야 할 필요가 있다. 현재 ICCP 프로토콜을 사용하는 통신 구간은 일반적으로 외부 네트워크와 분리되어 그 안전성을 담보하고 있지만, 네트워크 분리를 통한 보안성 향상 기법이 체계적인 관리와 함께 수반되지 않으면 인적 취약성이나 새로운 형태의 모바일 기기를 통한 물리적 취약성에 지속적으로 노출 될 수 있는 잠재적 위험을 내포하고 있다. 따라서 이러한 보안 사고의 잠재적 발생 가능성으로 인해 외부네트워크와 분리된 제어센터들도 향후 더욱더 높은 수준의 보안 기술을 적용할 필요성이 강조되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 전력 제어센터 사이에서 사용되고 있는 ICCP 프로토콜의 사이버 보안 현황에 대해 살펴보고 해당 프로토콜의 보안 위험성과 이에 대한 대응방안을 고찰한다.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.13C no.3 s.106
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• pp.375-382
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• 2006

As various kinds of embedded systems (or devices) become widely available, research on home network middleware which can access and control embedded home appliances are actively being progressed. However, there is a significant problem in applying the home network technology to embedded systems because of their limited storage space and low computing power. In this paper, we present a lightweight middleware for home network on embedded systems. Also, we propose a mechanism for mobility management which adopts the anycast technology.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.62-72
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• 2007

Mobile Virtual Private Network (MVPN) provides VPN services without geographical restriction to mobile workers using mobile devices. Coexistence of Mobile IP (MIP) protocol for mobility and IPsec-based VPN technology are necessary in order to provide continuous VPN service to mobile users. However, Problems like registration failure or frequent IPsec tunnel re-negotiation occur when IPsec-based VPN Gateway (GW) and MIP are used together. In order to solve these problems, IETF proposes a mechanism which uses external home agent (x-HA) located external to the corporate VPN GW. In addition, based on the IETF proposal, a mechanism that assigns x-HA dynamically in the networks where MN is currently located was also proposed with the purpose to reduce handover latency as well as end-to-end delay. However, this mechanism has problems such as exposure of a session key for dynamic Mobility Security Association (MSA) or a long latency in case of the handover between different networks. In this paper, we propose a new MVPN protocol in order to minimize handover latency, enhance the security in key exchange, and to reduce data losses cause by handover. Through a course of simulation, the performance of proposed protocol is compared with the existing mechanism.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.533-542
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• 2017

In diagnostic radiology, the imaging system has been changed from film/screen to digital system. However, the method for removing scatter radiation such as anti-scatter grid has not kept pace with this change. Therefore, authors have devised the indirect flat panel detector (FPD) system with net-like lead in substrate layer which can remove the scattered radiation. In clinical context, there are many radiographic examinations with angulated incident X-ray. However, our proposed FPD has net-like lead foil so the vertical lead foil to the angulate incident X-ray would have bad effect on its performance. In this study, we identified the effect of vertical/horizontal lead foil component on the novel system's performance and improved the structure of novel system for clinical usage with angulated incident X-ray. Grid exposure factor and image contrast were calculated to investigate various structure of novel system using Monte Carlo simulation software when the incident X-ray was tilted ($0^{\circ}$, $15^{\circ}$, and $30^{\circ}$ from the detector plane). More photons were needed to obtain same image quality in the novel system with vertical lead foil only then the system with horizontal lead foil only. An optimal structure of novel system having different heights of its vertical and horizontal lead foil component showed improved performance compared with the novel system in a previous study. Therefore, the novel system will be useful in a clinical context with the angulated incident X-ray if the height and direction of lead foil in the substrate layer are optimized as the condition of conventional radiography.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.599-603
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• 2016

Recently the wireless LAN system is substituting wired LAN system notably as the number of mobile users increases greatly along the advancement of technology. But the wireless LAN has a critical weakness in the security such as data leakage. Thus a safe security system is imperative to avoid threatening from hackers with offering the best convenience to inner users. In this research, we have developed a RADIUS wireless LAN security system for industrial applications, which performs the EAP authentication with the compatibility for any maker of wireless LAN. The system has interfaces based on WEB, providing DB access function for user management so that users can perform authentication of 802.1x in their computers.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.4B
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• pp.687-694
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• 2010

IPTV(Internet Protocol Television) is an emerging technology in which telecommunication and broadcasting technologies are converged. IPTV service providers usually multicast scrambled contents. And only legitimate subscribers who pass the access control can de-scramble and use the contents. In order to ensure revenues, providers oftentimes employ password-based authentication protocols that ensure secure authentication processes between set-top box and smart card. In this paper, we propose a fingerprint-based 1-out-of-n authentication protocol which provides convenient and more secure authentication process in some organizational environments. The proposed scheme shows that only those who provide legitimate fingerprint information can be authenticated even in a situation that both password and smart card are compromised.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.10C
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• pp.1011-1022
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• 2006

WSN(Wireless Sensor Network) performs to detect and collect environmental information for one purpose. The WSN is composed of a sink node and several sensor nodes and has a constraint in an aspect of energy consumption caused by limited battery resource. So many required mechanisms in WSN should consider the remaining energy condition. To deploy WSN, tile collected information is required to protect from an adversary over the network in many cases. The security mechanism should be provided for collecting the information over the network. we propose asynchronized key management considering energy efficiency over WSN. The proposed key management is focused on independence and difference of the keys used to deliver the information over several routes over the network, so disclosure of any key does not results in exposure of total key information over the overall WSN. Also, we use hash function to update key information for energy efficiency Periodically. We define the insecurity for requested security Properties and Proof that the security properties are guaranteed. Also, we evaluate and analyze the energy efficiency for the proposed mechanism.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.4 s.55
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• pp.375-380
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• 2006

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have been emphasized due to their threats in human health. Waste incinerator emission has been emphasized as a source of EDC including polychlorinateddibenzofurans(PCDD/F) and other carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been used as an exposure biomarker for the PAHs. On the other hand, etheno-DNA adducts, e.g. 1, $N^6-ethenodeoxyadenosine({\varepsilon}dA)$, has been developed as an useful effective or response biomarker for carcinogenesis. Thus, I investigated association between urinary 1-OHP and ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels due to distance from an incinerator which was built more 10 years ago in the middle of a farm in P city. I designated the EDC-high and low exposed group due to distance from the incinerator, i.e. within 2.5km and $5.0{\sim}7.5km$ from the incinerator, respectively. The study subjects were age and sex-matched males and females (mean age, $61.3{\pm}9.6$ yrs; total 40 persons, male, 10; female, 10 for the each group). Urinary 1-OHP and ${\varepsilon}dA$ were analyzed with HPLC-FD and IP-HPLC-FD, respectively. As results, the distance from the incinerator was not associated with urinary 1-OHP nor ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels (p=0.43 and 0.82, respectively). On the other hand, urinary ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels were significantly higher in the hyperlipidemia group (N=10) than normal group (N=30). In conclusion, urinary 1-OHP nor ${\varepsilon}dA$ levels can not be suggested as an incinerator-related exposure nor effective biomarker. However, not only distance from the incinerator bot also systemic approaches including wind and soil contamination are required to assume exposure levels of incinerator-related EDC.