• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of Tai Chi exercise, Tai Chi self help program, and self help management program on arthritic pain, stiffness, fatigue and difficulties in performing daily activities in patients with osteoarthritis. Method: The pre-post experimental design was utilized with convenient sampling at Public Health Centers. Total of 38 subjects agreed to participate in the study with the inclusion criteria of being diagnosed as osteoarthritis and no previous regular exercise. The 12 subjects were assigned to Tai Chi exercise group, 13 subjects to Tai Chi exercise combined with self help management program, and the other 13 to self help management program. Tai Chi exercise group performed exercise twice a week for one hour per each session. Tai Chi self help management group came to the class twice a week, one hour for Tai Chi exercise, and another hour for self help management program. The third group came to the class once a week for one hour to participate self help management program. At the completion of 6 week programs, 10 subjects from Tai Chi exercise, 9 from Tai Chi self help, another 10 from self help management groups completed the post-test measures. The data were analyzed by SPSSWIN 11.0. The homogeneity tests for three experimental groups were conducted by $X^2-test$, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test. The final analysis of the post-test measures was conducted by ANCOVA with fatigue, pain, stiffness, and difficulties in daily activities of the pretest measures as covariates. Results: The results were as follows. There were no significant differences in fatigue, pain, and difficulties of daily activities among three groups for the pretest measures. The score of arthritic stiffness was significantly different among groups after controlled for covariates, but the post-hoc tests showed no group differences. Conclusion: The nursing interventions applied for osteoarthritis patients have been previously tested to show the cost effectiveness of symptoms management of this population.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.43-55
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to derive indicators and development directions to be considered when planning new towns in the Seoul metropolitan area as new towns are planned to be built. To this end, the following implications were derived after analyzing the survey data of experts in each field using Frequency Analysis and Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) technique. First, the assessment results of the existing first and second phase new towns showed that there were many negative assessments of citizen participation and information sharing, smart technologies and services, social and cultural diversity and inclusion. Regarding the third phase new town, experts said that the most important indicators are accessibility and convenience of transportation, environmental comfort, quality and service of residence. In addition, experts cited the superiority of landscape/design, jobs/self-sufficiency and social/cultural diversity as important indicators. Second, after examining whether the perceptions and assessments of experts differ depending on individual characteristics such as gender, age, occupation, and professional field, the first and second phase new towns showed significant differences only in "gender", and the third phase new town had significant differences in "gender" and "professional field". Third, experts thought that changes in population structure, industry and jobs, quality of life and diversity, environment and climate change, and social and residential welfare should be considered important in the planning of third phase new town. In addition, experts considered expanding park and self-sufficient land as important in the land use plan, and ranked eco-city as a desirable type of the city, and public transportation facilities, park areas and education facilities as the most important living infrastructure.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.11 no.2 s.25
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• pp.17-28
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• 2003

Since 1970s, Seoul Metropolitan Area has been growing in physical and demographic aspect. A number of new urban fringes, New City, had been particularly developed from the early of 1990s. To examine the urban growth, the population density maps are generally used to the efficient urban management tool. The density maps from political boundaries, however, were traditionally used to estimate an urban concentration, there is problems to apply directly to urban management decision making due to (i) the abrupt changes between boundaries and (ii) the inclusion of green areas and forests in these areas. The mass-preserving interpolation method, the Pycnophylactic interpolation, could provide more realistic density maps. In addition, the classified urban areas from satellite images corresponding years would turn out to be more reliable results since populations were only applied to urbanized areas. Even though the Pyconophylactic method makes the density larger, it would be useful to produce a general urban growth trend at large scale. Consequently, four different density maps are compared and reviewed for this study, and the cross-sectional analysis provided to glimpse of population density around the city center.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.61 no.5
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• pp.135-149
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• 2018

Growth charts are curves or tables that facilitate the visualization of anthropometric parameters, and are widely used as an important indicator when evaluating the growth status of children and adolescents. The latest version of the Korean National Growth Charts released in 2007 has raised concerns regarding the inclusion of data from both breastfed and formula-fed infants, higher body mass index (BMI) values in boys, and smaller 3rd percentile values in height-for-age charts. Thus, new growth charts have been developed to improve the previous version. The 2006 World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, regarded as the standard for breastfed infants and children, were introduced for children aged 0-35 months. For children and adolescents aged 3-18 years, these new growth charts include height-for-age, weight-for-age, BMI-for-age, weight-for-height, and head circumference-for-age charts, and were developed using data obtained in 1997 and 2005. Data sets and exclusion criteria were applied differently for the development of the different growth charts. BMI-for-age charts were adjusted to decrease the 95th percentile values of BMI. Criteria for obesity were simplified and defined as a BMI of ${\geq}95th$ percentile for age and sex. The 3rd percentile values for height-for-age charts were also increased. Additional percentile lines (1st and 99th) and growth charts with standard deviation lines were introduced. 2017 Korean National Growth Charts are recommended for the evaluation of body size and growth of Korean children and adolescents for use in clinics and the public health sector in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of food waste and probiotics supplementation on productive performance and egg composition of laying hens. Total 120 layers (Brown Tetran) 22 weeks old were divided into five groups with 4 replicates for each treatments and raised in battery cage. The experimental design was completely randomized. The egg Production rate was significantly increased in layer supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of probiotic supplemented diets compared to control (P<0.05). At feeding with food waste and probiotic supplementation had no effect on the egg shell strength (P>0.05). Haugh unit of the eggs was significantly increased in layers fed with 1.5% of probiotic supplemented diet (P<0.05). The different levels of inclusion of the food waste and probiotic supplementation had not effect on egg shell color, blood spot and albumen index of the eggs (P<0.05). There were not significant differences in over all acceptability, juiciness, texture and color of the eggs from layer fed with different levels of wood waste and probiotic supplementation. The appearance and flavor significantly deteriorated in eggs from layers fed with probiotic diets compared to control (P<0.05).

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 1989

Complex formation of water-soluble polyparacyclophanes bearing two diphenylmethane or two diphenyl ether skeletons with l-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) and 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) was investigated quantitatively to develop useful host compounds comparing with ${\alpha}\;-\;and\;{\beta}-cyc1odextrins$$({\alpha}-\;and\;{\beta}-CyDs$) in aqueous solution. Benesi-Hildebrand type analysis of the fluorescent intensity showed that the dissociation constants (Kd) of paracyclophane-ANS complexes were $1.55\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$ for 1,6,20,25-tetraaza[6.1.6.1]paracyclophane(CPM 44) and $1.23\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$ for 1,7,21,27-tetraaza[7.1.7.1]paracyclophane (CPM 55), and those of paracyclophane-TNS complexes were $6.99\;{\times}\;10^{-6}M$ for CPM 44 and $6.23\;{\times}\;10^{-5}M$ for CPM 55, in 1:1 molar ratio. On the other hand, the Kd values of 1,7,21,27-tetraaza-14,34-dioxa[7.1.7.1]paracyclophane (CPE 55)-ANS, 1,8,22,29-tetraaza-15,36-dioxa[8.1.8.1]paracyclophane (CPE 66)-ANS, CPE 55-TNS, CPE 66-TNS complexes were $1.75\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$, $3.07\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$, $3.75\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$ and $2.15\;{\times}\;10^{-3}M$, respectively. On the contrary, the Kd values of ${\alpha}-CyD-ANS$, ${\beta}-CyD-ANS$, ${\alpha}-CyD-TNS$ and ${\beta}-CyD-TNS$ complexes were found to be $3.98\;{\times}\;10^{-2}M$, $1.05\;{\times}\;10^{-2}M$, $1.38\;{\times}\;10^{-2}M$ and $3.52\;{\times}\;10^{-4}M$, respectively. These results mean that the complexation of CPMs with ANS or TNS is by 5.6-1,975 fold stronger than that for ${\alpha}-or\;{\beta}-CyDs$, and the complex formation of CPEs with ANS or TNS is nearly same as or somewhat stronger than that for ${\alpha}-or\;{\beta}-CyDs$. From the Kd values determined at different temperatures, thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the complexation was found to be a spontaneous exothermic reaction. The effects of pH on Kd values of CPM 44-ANS, and CPM 55-ANS complexes were negligible in the range of pH 1.2-1.8. However, the Kd values of these complexes increased significantly with increasing ionic strength.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.295-313
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• 2002

While the growth of Taegu has occurred through the land readjustment project, the public sector development project and the construction of roads, its growth pattern has been shaped by physical constraints such as mountains, streams and rail roads. The processes of urban growth of Taegu are classified into four stages: the stage of urban embryo in the Chosun Era; the formation stage of the basic urban system after the Japanese Colonial Era up to 1960; the stage of urban growth in the industrialization period from 1960s to 1980; and lastly, the stage of urban expansion and maturation, with construction of extensive newly developed districts, after the 1980s. Since its promotion to a metropolitan city with the inclusion of Seongseo, Wolbae, Gosan, Ansim and Chilgok in 1981, those regions have grown into newly developed residential districts, with its accompanying high density and high rise apartments complexes, through the public sector development project. These newly developed districts are located about six to seven kilometers away from CBD of the city along with main radial roads. The sites are also located on the route of the fourth belt way of the city. While the Sangin, Seongseo and Jisan Beommul newly developed districts have developed contiguously with the existing built-up areas, the Siji and Chilgok districts have developed separately by the green belt and the Geumho River, respectively.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.435-439
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• 1995

Some characteristics and pathogenicity of Hyphantria cunea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HcNPV), a potential microbial pesticide was studied. H. cunea NPV replicated in the nucleus of S. frugiperda cells cultured in the TNMFH medium. In case of virus infected cell, prepolyhedra formation was observed at 24hrs post-infection. At 48 hrs post-infection, Most of the infected cell contained many mature polyhedra which were released into culture media 72 hrs post-infection, with the cells grown in suspension culture, pH of the culture medium increased during the virus replication: the pH of fresh medium was 6.35 and rose to 6.77 within 120 hrs. Polyhedra formed a band in linear density gradient of sucrose by centrifugation, which co-sedimented with $50{\sim}55%$ sucrose. The shape of the purified polyhedra was mostly tetragonal hexahedron and its size was about $2.5{\mu}m$. Electron microscopy and phase contrast microscopy showed that many bundled nucleocapsids were occluded in mature polyhedra at 48 hrs post infection. H. cunea larvae infected with NPV showed a higher motality in the second and third instar than in the fourth instar. Death rate of H. cunea larvae in the second and third instar fed with leaves coated with $1.5{\times}10^{9}{\sim}l.5{\times}10^{7}PIBs/ml$ reached more than 90%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1720-1728
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• 2020

We have previously characterized AprESJ4, the major fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis SJ4 (Yao et al., 2019). During that study, we observed a 68 kDa protein with fibrinolytic activity. In this study, we cloned the gene (vprSJ4) encoding the 68 kDa protein, a mature Vpr and minor protease secreted by Bacillus species. vprSJ4 encodes a preproenzyme consisting of 810 amino acids (aa) including signal sequence (28 aa) and prosequence (132 aa). The mature enzyme (650 aa) has a predicted molecular weight of 68,467.35. Unlike Vprs from other B. subtilis strains, VprSJ4 has 4 additional amino acids (DEFA) at the C-terminus. vprSJ4 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. PreproVprSJ4 was localized in inclusion bodies, and subjected to in vitro renaturation and purification by an affinity column. SDS-PAGE and western blot showed that autoprocessing of preproVprSJ4 occurred and 68 kDa and smaller proteins were produced. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant VprSJ4 were pH 7.0 and 40℃, respectively. Kinetic parameters of recombinant VprSJ4 were measured by using an artificial substrate, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phe-p-nitroanilide. Coexpression of vprSJ4 and aprESJ4 using pHY300PLK increased the fibrinolytic activity a further 117% when compared with aprESJ4 single expression using the same vector in B. subtilis WB600.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.33-40
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• 2015

Purpose - Given an increase in the consumption of plums, prices have fluctuated in an unstable manner, making it difficult for farmhouses to sell the product. This study intends to provide information on the cultivation and sale of plums to consumers, thus enabling producers to utilize relevant information to analyze the types of plums that are preferred and consumed by users. Research design, data, and methodology - In this study, a survey was conducted on plum consumption by a consumer panel established and operated by the Rural Development Administration in December 2009. The objective was to identify the purchasing awareness of plums and to analyze panel data from 2010 to 2013 using a linear regression model, a Tobit model, and a panel regression model to derive the purchase characteristics. Results - The outcome of the survey on plums is as follows. Plums are purchased because they are good for the health (90.6%), which means that most customers purchase plums for their health benefits. When plums are in season, the purchase rate is 94.8%, indicating that most plums are purchased when they are in season and that selling plums when they are out of season is difficult. Therefore, we sell most plums in the correct season, and the rest of the plums need to be processed and then sent to markets. The strongest reason for not purchasing plums is that they are difficult to process for consumption (63.1%), followed by the reason that the fruit is unfamiliar (15.5%). Regarding solutions for increasing the consumption of plums, the answers were as follows: distribute a recipe for plums (36.9%), advertise its effect through TV or the press (31.1%), and develop various processed products (15.6%). When customers decide to pick out plums, the major considerations were freshness (4.43), safe to eat (4.16), price (3.96), size (3.87), brand (3.28), and discount event (2.62). Freshness is important for decision making and safe to eat was more important than price because plums are washed and processed into plum jam. According to the results of the linear regression model, a higher family income results in a higher purchasing amount. However, the amount of plums purchased by a person was reduced if his or her income increased. Compared with individuals who used other purchasing agents on weekdays, those who used the traditional market turned out to purchase a higher amount of plums on the weekdays. Conclusions - Considering that numerous people purchase plums for their health benefits, promoting the consumption of plums is anticipated as being successful if they can be produced safely for consumption and for inclusion in recipes and various processed foods, and to promote eco-friendly agricultural practices.