• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2019

목 적: 식도암 방사선치료 시 세기조절방사선치료(Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, IMRT) 및 용적세기조절회전치료(Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy, VMAT)에서 Jaw-Tracking 기법 유 무에 따라 저선량 영역에 대한 주변 정상장기의 용적선량을 분석하여 그 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 본 원에서 사용하고 있는 선형가속기 VitalBeamTM(Varian Medical System, U.S.A)으로 식도암 방사선치료를 받은 27명을 대상으로 하였으며, 치료계획은 Eclipse(Ver. 13.6 Varian, U.S.A)를 이용하여 Jaw-Tracking(JT)을 사용한 치료계획과 Non Jaw-Tracking(NJT) 치료계획을 수립하였으며, 치료계획용적(Planning Target Volume, PTV)에 빗장위림프절(Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes, SCL)이 포함되어 있는 T자형 PTV를 가진 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 조사범위에 대한 영향을 확인하기 위해 복강(Celiac) 포함 여부로 비교군을 나누었다. 수립된 치료계획의 비교를 위해 손상위험장기는 양측 폐, 심장, 척수를 비교하였으며 Conformity Index(CI), Homogeneity Index(HI)를 비교하였다. 임상적용 검증을 위해 전자포탈영상장치(Electronic Portal Imaging Device, EPID)를 이용하여 Portal Dosimetry를 실시하였고, 선량 영역의 임계치(Threshold)를 10 %, 5 %, 0 %로 매개변수로 설정하여 감마분석을 실시하였다. 결 과: 모든 치료계획은 3 mm / 3 %, 감마통과율 95 % 기준에 대해 Threshold 10 %의 경우 95 % 이상으로 JT, NJT 모두 통과하였으며, IMRT는 Threshold가 5 %, 0 %로 줄어들수록 JT보다 NJT의 값이 1 % 이상 줄어 들었다. IMRT에서 양측 폐의 $V_5$와 $V_{10}$은 JT에서 Celiac을 포함하지 않을 때 최대 14.7 %, 평균 8.5 %, 5.3 % 만큼 감소했고, $D_{mean}$은 $72.3{\pm}51cGy$ 감소하였으며, Celiac을 포함할 때 JT에서 선량감소가 증가하였다. 심장의 $D_{mean}$은 $68.9{\pm}38.5cGy$, 척수의 $D_{max}$는 $39.7{\pm]30.1cGy$만큼 감소하였다. VMAT은 JT기법 사용 시 폐에서 $V_5$ 평균 2.5 % 감소하였고, 심장 및 척수에서 소량 감소하였으며, Celiac 포함 시 JT의 선량감소가 증가하였다. 결 론: 식도암 치료계획에서 IMRT가 JT 사용 시 양측 폐의 $V_5$, $V_{10}$에서 유의미한 감소가 나타났고, 저 선량영역에서 조사범위가 클수록 선량감소가 크게 나타났다. 따라서 식도암 방사선치료에는 IMRT가 VMAT보다 JT 적용 시 더 효과적이며, 저 선량영역에서의 MLC 누설 및 투과선량으로부터 정상장기를 보호할 수 있다.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2006

목적: 비인강암 환자를 대상으로 시행한 동시차등조사가속치료(simultaneous modulated accelerated radiation therapy, SMART)를 이용한 세기조절방사선치료(Intensity modulated radiation therapy, IMRT)의 예비적 임상결과를 보고하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2001년 9월부터 2003년 12월까지 서울아산병원에서 근치적 목적의 동시차등조사가속치료를 시행 받은 20명의 비전이성 비인강암 환자를 대상으로 전향적 분석을 시행하였다. IMRT는 "step and shoot" SMART를 사용하여 시행되었으며, 각각 육안적종양체적(gross tumor volume, GTV)에 72 Gy (2.4 Gy/day), 비인강과 전이성 림프절부위(metastatic nodal station) 등을 포함하는 임상표적체적 1 (Clinical target volume 1, CTV1)에 60 Gy (2.0Gy/day), 그리고 임상적으로 전이가 없는 경부 부위림프절을 포함하는 임상표적체적 2 (clinical target volume 2, CTV2)에 46 Gy (2 Gy/day)를 조사하였다. 18명의 환자는 주당 1회의 isplatin 화학요법을 시행받았다. 결과: 연구대상에 포함된 환자의 추적관찰 기간의 중앙값은 27개월이었다. 19명의 환자는 치료 중단 없이 계획된 치료를 성공적으로 수행하였으나, 1명은 고도의 인두염과 영양불량으로 2주간 치료가 중단되었다. 치료 기간 중급성 독성은 RTOG 3도의 점막염과 인두염이 각각 5명(25%)과 9명(45%)에서 관찰되었다. 7명(35%)은 10% 이상의 체중 감소를 보였으며 11명(55%)은 정맥수액요법 혹은 경관영양요법을 필요로 하였다. 만성 독성에서 3급 이상의 구강건조증은 관찰되지 않았다 치료 반응은 모든 환자에서 완전관해를 보였고, 원격전이와 국소재발이 각각 2명과 1명에서 관찰되었다. 결론: SMART를 사용한 IMRT를 도입하여 임상적으로나 선량측정상 이하선의 기능 보존이 가능하였으며, 또한 생물학적으로 더욱 효과적일 것으로 생각되었다 향후 정확한 종양억제 효과와 만기 독성을 알기 위해서는 추가적인 연구대상과 추적관찰이 필요하다고 생각한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.1897-1900
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• 2015

Purpose: To evaluate acute toxicity in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) patients treated with intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)/volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with or without cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 newly diagnosed, histologically proven non-metastatic NPC patients treated with IMRT between May 2010 and December 2012, were evaluated retrospectively, 37 planned with Eclipse and 8 with Prowess Panther treatment planning system. The doses to the planning target volumes of primary tumor and involved lymph nodes, high risk region, and uninvolved regional nodal areas were 70 Gy, 60 Gy, and 54 Gy respectively and delivered simultaneously over 33 fractions to 39 patients. Another 6 patients irradiated with sequential boost technique. Some 84.4% of patients received chemotherapy. Acute toxicities were graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group scoring criteria and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) for chemotherapy side effects. Results: Median age was 43 years (14-79) and all patients were WHO type II. Grade 1 mucositis and dysphagia were observed in 17 (37.8%), and 10 (22.2%) patients, respectively. The incidence of acute grade 2 mucositis and dysphagia was 55.6% and 68.9%, respectively. The most common chemoradiotherapy related acute toxicities were nausea, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. Grade 3 toxicity was detected in 13 (28.8%) cases. No grade 4 toxicity was occurred. Mean weight loss was 9%. None of the patients required the insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy for nutritional support. Radiation therapy was completed without interruption in all patients. Conclusions: IMRT is a safe and effective treatment modality, and well tolerated by patients in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. No unexpected side effects were observed.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

방사선 치료과정에서 가장 중요한 것은 환자에게 조사된 흡수선량을 검증하는 것이다. IMRT에 사용되는 방사선의 물리적 특성을 결정하고 환자에 조사된 선량분포를 검증할 수 있는 정밀한 선량 측정 장치가 필요하다. 본 연구에서 2차원 광자선의 선량검증을 위해 만들어진 BInS (Beam Intensity Scanner)에 관하여 논의한다. BInS에 있는 Scintillator는 광자선이나 전자선에 조사되면 형광을 발생하는 Gd$_2$O$_2$S:Tb를 주성분으로 한다. Scintillator에서 발생된 형광은 디지털 비디오카메라에 의해 수집되어 디지털 신호로 바뀌고 자체 제작한 소프트웨어에 의해 분석되며 상대적인 선량 분포가 3차원 그림으로 표시된다. BInS가 IMRT에서 사용가능한지를 알아보기 위하여 치료에 관련된 몇 가지 측정을 하였다. IMRT의 주요 작동방식 중의 하나인 SMLC (static multileaf collimator) 방식에서는, leaf들의 동작을 통제하여 만들어지는 여러 개의 정적 조사면적(static portal)을 통하여 IMB (intensity modulated beam)이 만들어진다. 따라서 여러 개의 정적 조사면적이 연달아 맞닿아 있는 경우, 연속된 두 조사면적의 경계면에서 penumbra와 산란된 광자들이 겹쳐지고 따라서 hot spot이 생기게 된다. 이와 같이 SMLC 방식에서 나타나는 inter-step hot spot들의 존재를 BInS를 이용하여 측정하여 가시화하였고 또한 그것들을 제거하는 실험적 방법도 제시하였다. IMRT에서 사용되는 다른 주요한 작동방식인 DMLC (dynamic multileaf collimator)는 광자선이나 전자선을 제어하는 leaf의 작동방식이 다르기 때문에 SMLC 방식과는 다른 특성을 보인다. 따라서 BInS를 이용하여 SMLC와 DMLC 방식에 의해 실제로 target에 투사된 선량을 측정 비교하였다. 비록 같은 선량을 target 부위에 투사하기로 계획했을지라도, 실제로는 산란된 광자와 전자들 때문에 DMLC 방식에 의한 선량이 SMLC 방식에 의한 선량보다 14.8%나 큰 것으로 측정되었다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 유방암 치료에 사용되는 다양한 첨단방사선치료법을 선량비교인자들을 이용하여 비교분석하고 이 결과를 이용하여 환자에 가장 적합한 치료방법을 찾기 위함이다. 인체밀도와 유사하게 제작된 모형팬텀을 이용하여 시뮬레이션을 진행하였고 Eclipse v10 소프트웨어를 이용하여 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기 변조 방사선치료, 입체세기조절회전 방사선치료 세 가지 치료계획을 수립하였다. 각 치료계획을 평가하기 위하여 균일지수, 순응도, 장기등가선량(OED), 초과절대위험률(EAR) 등을 이용하였다. 균일지수 값은 3차원 입체조형치료, 세기 변조 방사선치료, 입체세기조절회전 방사선치료에서 16.89, 11.21, 9.55, 순응도는 0.59, 0.61, 0.83 으로 계산되었다. 사용된 3가지 치료법의 평균선량은 왼쪽 폐 0.01 ~ 2.02 Gy, 오른쪽 폐 0.36 ~ 5.01 Gy, 간 0.25 ~ 2.49 Gy, 심장 0.14 ~ 6.92 Gy, 식도 0.03 ~ 2.02 Gy, 척수 0.01 ~ 1.06 Gy, 왼쪽 가슴 0.25 ~ 6.08 Gy, 기관 0.08 ~ 0.59 Gy, 위 0.01 ~ 1.34 Gy 의 범위로 나타났다. 장기등가선량(OED)와 초과절대위험률(EAR)은 모든 장기에서 세기 변조 방사선치료와 입체세기조절회전 방사선치료방법이 3차원 입체조형치료 보다 높게 나타났다. 이 연구의 결과로서, 우리는 선량분포지수(균일지수, 순응도)는 세기 변조 방사선치료, 입체세기조절회전 방사선치료가 3차원 입체조형치료 보다 좋을 수 있지만 주변 정상장기에 들어가는 선량은 3차원 입체조형치료보다 높다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3257-3265
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• 2015

Background: Radiotherapy is an important treatment of choice for breast cancer patients after breast-conserving surgery, and we compare the feasibility of using dual arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT2), single arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT1) and Multi-beam Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (M-IMRT) on patients after breast-conserving surgery. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with breast cancer (half right-sided and half left-sided) treated by conservative lumpectomy and requiring whole breast radiotherapy with tumor bed boost were planned with three different radiotherapy techniques: 1) VMAT1; 2) VMAT2; 3) M-IMRT. The distributions for the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were compared. Dosimetries for all the techniques were compared. Results: All three techniques satisfied the dose constraint well. VMAT2 showed no obvious difference in the homogeneity index (HI) and conformity index (CI) of the PTV with respect to M-IMRT and VMAT1. VMAT2 clearly improved the treatment efficiency and can also decrease the mean dose and V5Gy of the contralateral lung. The mean dose and maximum dose of the spinal cord and contralateral breast were lower for VMAT2 than the other two techniques. The very low dose distribution (V1Gy) of the contralateral breast also showed great reduction in VMAT2 compared with the other two techniques. For the ipsilateral lung of right-sided breast cancer, the mean dose was decreased significantly in VMAT2 compared with VMAT1 and M-IMRT. The V20Gy and V30Gy of the ipsilateral lung of the left-sided breast cancer for VMAT2 showed obvious reduction compared with the other two techniques. The heart statistics of VMAT2 also decreased considerably compared to VMAT1 and M-IMRT. Conclusions: Compared to the other two techniques, the dual arc volumetric modulated arc therapy technique reduced radiation dose exposure to the organs at risk and maintained a reasonable target dose distribution.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.53-60
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• 2002

Motion of lung tumors from respiration has been reported in the literature to be as large as of 1-2 cm. This motion requires an additional margin between the Clinical Target Volume (CTV) and the Planning Target Volume (PTV). While such a margin is necessary, it may not be sufficient to ensure proper delivery of Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) to the CTV during the simultaneous movement of the DMLC. Gated treatment has been proposed to improve normal tissues sparing as well as to ensure accurate dose coverage of the tumor volume. The following questions have not been addressed in the literature: a) what is the dose error to a target volume without gated IMRT treatment\ulcorner b) what is an acceptable gating window for such treatment. In this study, we address these questions by proposing a novel technique for calculating the 3D dose error that would result if a lung IMRT plan were delivered without gating. The method is also generalized for gated treatment with an arbitrary triggering window. IMRT plans for three patients with lung tumor were studied. The treatment plans were generated with HELIOS for delivery with 6 MV on a CL2100 Varian linear accelerator with a 26 pair MLC. A CTV to PTV margin of 1 cm was used. An IMRT planning system searches for an optimized fluence map ${\Phi}$ (x,y) for each port, which is then converted into a dynamic MLC file (DMLC). The DMLC file contains information about MLC subfield shapes and the fractional Monitor Units (MUs) to be delivered for each subfield. With a lung tumor, a CTV that executes a quasi periodic motion z(t) does not receive ${\Phi}$ (x,y), but rather an Effective Incident Fluence EIF(x,y). We numerically evaluate the EIF(x,y) from a given DMLC file by a coordinate transformation to the Target's Eye View (TEV). In the TEV coordinate system, the CTV itself is stationary, and the MLC is seen to execute a motion -z(t) that is superimposed on the DMLC motion. The resulting EIF(x,y)is inputted back into the dose calculation engine to estimate the 3D dose to a moving CTV. In this study, we model respiratory motion as a sinusoidal function with an amplitude of 10 mm in the superior-inferior direction, a period of 5 seconds, and an initial phase of zero.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2003

Purpose: To introduce our early experience with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods and Materials: Eight patients who underwent IMRT for no disseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma at the Asan Medical Center between September 2001 and November 2002 were evaluate by prospective analysis. According to the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer staging classification, 5 had Stage III, and 3 had Stage IVB disease. The IMRT plans were designed to be delivered as a 'Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy' (SMART) using the 'step and shoot' technique with a MLC (multileaf collimator). Daily fractions of 2.2-2.5Gy and 1.9-2Gy were prescribed and delivered to the GTV and CTV and clinically negative neck node, respectively. The prescribed dose was 70A-79.0Gy to the gross tumor volume (GTV), 60Gy to the clinical target volume (CTV) and metastatic nodal station, and 46Gy to the clinically negative neck. All patients also received weekly cisplatin during radiotherapy. Acute and late normal tissue effects were graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) radiation morbidity scoring criteria. Results: Follow-up period was ranging from 5 to 18 months. All patients showed complete response and loco-regional control rate was 100% but one patient died of malnutrition due to treatment related toxicity. There were no Grade 3 or 4 xerostomia and all patients had experienced improvement of salivary gland function. Conclusion: 'Simultaneous Modulated Accelerated Radiation Therapy' (SMART) boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique allows parotid sparing as evidenced both clinically and by dosimetry. Initial tumor response and loco-regional control was promising. It is clinically feasible. A larger population of patients and a long-term follow-up are needed to evaluate ultimate tumor control and late toxicity.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2017

Verification of dose distribution is an essential part of ensuring the treatment planning system's (TPS) calculated dose will achieve the desired outcome in radiation therapy. Each measurement have uncertainty associated with it. It is desirable to reduce the measurement uncertainty. A best approach is to reduce the uncertainty associated with each step of the process to keep the total uncertainty under acceptable limits. Point dose patient specific quality assurance (QA) is recommended by American Association of Medical Physicists (AAPM) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) for all the complex radiation therapy treatment techniques. Relative and absolute point dose measurement methods are used to verify the TPS computed dose. Relative and absolute point dose measurement techniques have a number of steps to measure the point dose which includes chamber cross calibration, electrometer reading, chamber calibration coefficient, beam quality correction factor, reference conditions, influences quantities, machine stability, nominal calibration factor (for relative method) and absolute dose calibration of machine. Keeping these parameters in mind, the estimated relative percentage uncertainty associated with the absolute point dose measurement is 2.1% (k=1). On the other hand, the relative percentage uncertainty associated with the relative point dose verification method is estimated to 1.0% (k=1). To compare both point dose measurement methods, 13 head and neck (H&N) IMRT patients were selected. A point dose for each patient was measured with both methods. The average percentage difference between TPS computed dose and measured absolute relative point dose was 1.4% and 1% respectively. The results of this comparative study show that while choosing the relative or absolute point dose measurement technique, both techniques can produce similar results for H&N IMRT treatment plans. There is no statistically significant difference between both point dose verification methods based upon the t-test for comparing two means.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2013

Purpose: To observe long-term clinical outcomes for patients with early-stage breast cancer treated with forward intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), including local control and clinical toxicities. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a total of 214 patients with stage I-II breast cancer who were treated with breast conserving surgery followed by adjuvant breast radiation therapy between 2001 and 2008. All patients were treated using forward IMRT. The whole breast was irradiated to a dose of 50 to 50.4 Gy followed by an 8 to 12 Gy electron boost to the surgical bed. Results: The median age was 46 years (range, 21 to 82 years) and the medial follow-up time was 7.3 years (range, 2.4 to 11.7 years). Stage T1 was 139 (65%) and T2 was 75 (35%), respectively. Ipsilateral breast recurrence was observed in 3 patients. The 5- and 10-year local control rates were 99.1% and 97.8%, respectively. The cosmetic outcome was evaluated according to the Harvard scale and 89.4% of patients were scored as excellent or good. Conclusion: The whole breast radiation therapy as an adjuvant treatment using a forward IMRT technique showed excellent long-term local control as well as favorable outcomes of toxicity and cosmesis.