• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.680-699
• /
• 2010

In this paper, we attempted to analysis and track dynamic properties of the interdisciplinary relationship between scientific research areas in energy field using bibliometric analysis. We created network maps with SCs (subject categories) defined from $WoS^{\circledR}$ (Web of Science, Thomson Scientific ISI, Philadelphia, USA) using co-occurrence analysis method in order to identify overall disciplines directly linked with energy fields and investigate the change of interaction between SCs as a function of time. From the results of this study, thermodynamics, fuels, chemistry/chemical engineering, and electrochemistry have differentiated into more specific disciplines while the strength of interaction with energy field gradually has increased. Meanwhile, "nuclear physics" was developed to "nuclear science & technology" toward applicable target sector and also the interaction of "environmental science" with "energy generation area" among various energy disciplines recently showed the radical increase as compared with the values of 4 years ago. Finally, through combinative reviews of today's energy policy established by South Korea government, this study will give a help for keeping up with national energy agenda meeting the diverse characteristics of academic disciplines of energy field. In addition, our results support that the use of such network analysis based on bibliometric analysis to discern shifts in academic R&D strategies and target sectors.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.263-271
• /
• 2008

The maturity and spawning of Korean flounder Glyptocephalus stelleri were investigated using samples randomly collected in the East Sea of Korea from May 2005 to September 2008. Gonadosomatic index began to increase in December and reached a maximum between March and May. After spawning it began to decrease from June. The spawning period was March to June, and the main spawning period was April to May. Annual reproductive cycles of this species can be divided into four successive stages; immature stage (July~November), maturing stage (December~February), mature stage (March~April) and spent stage (May~June). The fecundity ranged from 15,146 eggs at 24.1 cm (TL) to 101,491 eggs at 38.1 cm (TL). The relationship between total length (TL) and fecundity (F) can be expressed as $F=0.0004TL^{3.449}$ ($R^2=0.663$), with F increasing with TL. The TL at 50% group maturity ($TL_{50%}$) was estimated to be 25.6 cm.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 1968

Maximal oxygen uptake was measured in thirty-three secondary school girls by means of the treadmill test. Eighteen middle school girls aged 14.0 (range: $13.0{\sim}15.9$) years and fifteen high school girls aged 16.9 (range: $16.0{\sim}18.0$) years served as subjects. Maximal treadmill run lasted for 2 minutes and 20 seconds and the expired air was collected in a Douglas bag through a J-valve during the last one minute period. In general, absolute values of various measurements in the high school girls were greater than those of the middle school girls. When values were expressed on the body weight or lean body weight basis, however, work capacity of middle school girls was superior to that of the high school girls. The detailed results are as follows: 1. In middle school girls maximal oxygen uptake was 1.78 l/min., 47.4 ml/kg body weight, 12.3 ml/cm body height, and 61.7ml/kg lean body mass. In high school girls maximal oxygen uptake was 1.93 l/min., 39.7ml/kg body weight, 12.3 ml/cm body height, and 51.2 ml/kg LBM. Although the absolute value of maximal oxygen uptake was greater in high school girls than in middle school girls, values expressed on the body weight basis showed the reverse trend, namely, values of the middle school girls was greater than those of the high school girls. 2. The ratio of maximal to resting oxygen uptake was 8.8 in the middle school girls and was 10.2 in the high school girls. 3. Maximal pulmonary ventilation in the middle school girls was 55.3 l/min. and 66.1 l/min. in the high school girls. The ratio of maximal to resting pulmonary ventilation was 10.2 in the middle school girls and 10.1 in the high school girls. 4. The correlation between body weight and maximal oxygen uptake was relatively high, namely, r=0.79 both in middle and high school girls. The correlation coefficient between body weight and maximal pulmonary ventilation was a little less that of between maximal oxygen uptake and showed a value of r=0.60 both in middle and high school girls. The lean body mass was a poor reference of maximal oxygen uptake or maximal pulmonary ventilation as compared to body weight. The correlation between maximal oxygen uptake and maximal pulmonary ventilation was high and the coefficient of correlation in middle school girls was 0.927 and in high school girls it was 0.856. 5. Maximal ventilation equivalent was 30.9 liters in middle school girls and 33.9 liters in high school girls. This indicated that no hyperventilation was induced during the maximal of oxygen uptake exercise period as related to the maximal oxygen uptake. 6. Heart rate reached to the peak value within 1.5 minutes after beginning of maximal oxygen uptake run and remained at the same peak plateau level throughout the entire running period. Heart rate decreased steeply on cessation of running and subsided slowly thereafter. The maximal heart rate was 184 beat/min. in middle school girls and 189 beat/min. in high school girls. 7. Maximal oxygen pulse was 9.4 in middle school girls and 9.9 ml/beat in high school girls.

• Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.285-291
• /
• 2018

The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) has been spread very quickly in southern Cambodia. To understand the motivation of farmers in adapting SRI, and its benefits, we conducted an on-farm study at Popel commune, Tramkak district, Takeo province in southern Cambodia, during the 2012 and 2013 wet season. We noticed a significant difference between SRI and conventional farmers' practices (FP) in rainfed lowland rice ecosystem. Despite of low nitrogen input, without chemical fertilizers, high grain yield was achieved in SRI 1 (6.0 t ha) and SRI2-Bottom ($7.2t\;ha^{-1}$) in 2013. SRI 1 and SRI 2 of panicle and number of panicle were high than SR 3, FP 2, and FP 3 due to early transplant. Relationships between total number of spikelet and plant nitrogen were ($r^2=0.95$) highly positive at harvest. SRI fields were, most of them achieving highly superior yield and number of panicle compared to their FP fields. The results indicated that SRI practices of planting younger seedling, with organic material and topography of paddy, lead to increased grain yield.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.837-841
• /
• 2004

Changes in total aerobic bacteria (TAB), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), rod- and coccal-shaped lactic acid bacteria (R- and C-LAB), pH, and total acidity were investigated during fermentation of radish with new fermentation base at $20^{\circ}C$ for up to 16 days. New fermentation base was prepared by pre-fermenting a mixture of rice bran and rice water (1 : 0.1, w/v) at $20^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. Initially, radish showed 5.41, 4.23, 4.57, and 3.1 log CFU/g, and base showed 6.68, 6.60, 5.95, and 5.6 log CFU/mL for TAB, LAB, R-LAB, and C-LAB, respectively. Initial pH and total acidity of radish were $6.6^{\circ}C$ and 0.09%, and those of base were 5.76 and 0.36%, respectively, Counts of LAB (4.23 to 8.33 Bog Cpu/g, 6.6 to 9.7 log CFU/mL), R-LAB (4.57 to 7.15 log CFU/g, 5.95 to 8.5 log CFU/mL), and C-LAB (3.1 to 7.5 log CFU/g, 5.6 to 8.6 log CFU/mL) of radish and base respectively increased during initial fermentation period, then remained constant during late fermentation period, and far 4 days after fermentation, pH values (6.6 to 4.19, 5.76 to 4.57) drastically decreased and thereafter slowly decreased. Total acidities of radish and base (0.09 to 0.63%, 0.36 to 0.63%, respectively) drastically increased far 7 days after fermentation and increased slightly thereafter.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 2004

MMPs(Matrix metalloproteinases)는 치주질환에서 주된 조직파괴단백분해효소인 것은 알려져 있고 TIMPs(Tissue inhibitor of Matrix metalloproteinase)는 MMPs의 작용을 억제한다라고 알려져 있다. 이 둘간의 불균형으로 인해서 조직파괴가 더 가속화될 수 있다. 이 두 연구의 목적은 ELISA kit를 사용하여 특정 MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13)과 TIMPs(1,2)의 양이 건강한 환자와 비교하여서 치주염 환자에서 달라지는지 알아보고 MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13), TIMPs(1,2)와 치은열구깊이와 GI score와의 관계를 알아보기로 한다. 8명의 만성 치주염 환자와 4명의 급속진행형 치주염 환자가 실험군으로 참여하였고 5명의 건강한 치주조직을 환자가 대조군으로 참여하였다. 임상적인 측정은 GI score와 치주낭측정을 통하여 이루어졌다. 8명의 만성 치주염을 가진 환자와 4명의 급속진행형 치주염을 가진 환자에서 각각 치주낭 깊이가 3mm이하인 부위에서 6개의 치은열구액 표본과 치주낭 깊이가 6mm 이상인 곳에서 6개의 치은열구액 표본을 채취하였다. 건강한 치주조직을 가진 5명의 환자는 단지 치주낭깊이가 3mm 이하인 건강한 부위에서만 치은열구액 표본을 제공하였다. MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13)과 MIMPs(1,2)의 측정은 Human Biotrack ELISA kit를 사용하여서 측정하였다. 통계처리는 MMPs, MIMPs의 실험군과 대조군의 차이는 Kruskal-Wallis test를 사용하였고 MMPs, TIMPs와 치주낭 깊이와 GI score의 관계정도는 Pearson's correlation coefficient를 사용하였다. 실험결과 대조군과 비교하여 만성 치주염 환자에서 치주낭 깊이가 6mm 이상인 부위에서 MMP9의 수치가 통계적으로 유의할만하게 높았으며(p=0.04) MIMP2의 수치가 대조군과 비교하여 치주낭 깊이가 3mm 이하인 부위를 가진 만성치주염 환자에서 통계적으로 유의할만하게 높았다(=0.049). MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13), MIMPs(1,2)의 활동성과 치주낭 깊이의 관계에서 둘간의 통계적으로 유의할만한 관계는 존재하지 않았으나 MMP1(r=0.35)과 MMP2(r=0.31)가 상대적으로 높은 관계를 보였다. 또한 MMPs(1,2,3,8,9,13), MIMPs(1,2)의 활동성과 GI score의 관계에서도 둘간의 통계학적으로 유의할만한 관계는 존재하지 않으나 MMP1(r=0.4), MMP2(r=0.29), MMP9(r=0.26)가 상대적으로 높은 관계를 보였다. 이 실험의 결과로 볼 때 MMP9가 만성치주염 환자의 질환이 있는 부위에서만 염증의 지표가 될 수 있으며 MIMP2가 만성치주염 환자의 염증이 없는 부위에서 높은 농도로 존재하는 것으로 보아서 MIMP2가 MMPs에 대한 억제작용을 하여서 염증의 진행을 방해하는 역할을 한다라고 볼 수 있다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.65 no.4
• /
• pp.346-352
• /
• 2020

Currently, many studies are being conducted to cope with climate changes due to global warming and abnormal weather. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of weather on the growth, yield components, and quality of soybeans using weather data from 2017 and 2018. The average temperature in 2018 was higher than that in 2017 from R1 to R5 of the growth stage for all cultivars. On the other hand, precipitation in 2018 was reduced compared to that in 2017 for Daewon and Daepung-2ho. It was observed that the flowering date in 2018 was earlier than that in 2017 for Daewon and Daepung-2ho, but the flowering date for Pungsannamul in 2018 was similar to that in 2017. Simulating soil water content with the estimation model (AFKAE0.5) determined that there were fewer drought dates in 2017 than those in 2018, and drought lasted from R1 to early R5 of the growth stage in 2018. Soybean growth in 2017 was better than that in 2018, and seed yield and 100-seed weight of soybean were higher in 2017 than those in 2018 for all cultivars. The seed size in 2017 was larger than that in 2018 for all cultivars. Oil content in 2017 was higher than that in 2018; in particular, the difference between both years was observed for Daewon and Daepung-2ho. Protein content was higher in 2018 than that in 2017; however, there were different levels for each cultivar. Thus, these results indicate that the yield component and quality of soybeans are affected by high temperature and drought.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.257-262
• /
• 2005

Purpose: Gastric emptying scan (GES) is usually acquired up to 2 hours. Our study investigated whether a fraction of meal-retention in the stomach at 120 minutes (FR120) was predicted from the data measured for 90 minutes by using non-linear curve fitting. We aimed at saving the delayed imaging by utilizing mathematical models. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six patients underwent GES immediately after taking a boiled egg with 74 MBq (2 mCi) Tc-99m DTPA. The patients were divided into Group I ($T_{1/2}\;{\leq}90\;min$) and Group II ($90\;min). Group I (n=51) had 21 men and 30 women, and Group II (n=45) 15 men and 30 women. There was no significant difference in age and sex between the two groups. Simple exponential, power exponential, and modified power exponential curves were acquired from the measured fraction of meal-retention at each time (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) by non-linear curve fitting ($MATLAB^{\circledR}$ 5.3) and another simple exponential fitting was performed on the fractions at late times (60, 75, and 90 min). A predicted FR120 was calculated from the acquired functional formulas. A correlation coefficient between the measured FR120 and the predicted FR120 was computed ($MedCalc^{\circledR}$ 6.0). Results: Correlation coefficients(r) between the measured FR120 and the predicted FR120 of each mathematical functions were as follows: simple exponential function (Group I: 0.8558, Group II: 0.5982, p<0.0001), power exponential function (Group I: 0.8755, Group II: 0.6008, p<0.0001), modified power exponential function (Group I: 0.8892, Group II: 0.5882, p<0.0001), and simple exponential function at the late times(Group I: 0.9085, Group II: 0.6832, p<0.0001). In all the fitting models, the predicted FR120 were significantly correlated with the measured FR120 in Group I but not in Group II. There was no statistically significant difference in correlation among the 4 mathematical models. Conclusion: In the cases with $T_{1/2}\;{\leq}90\;min$, the predicted FR120 is significantly correlated with the measured FR120. Therefore, FR120 can be predicted from the data measured for 90 minutes by using non-linear curve fitting, saving the delayed imaging after 90 minutes when $T_{1/2}\;{\leq}90\;min$ is ascertained.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2020

The effect of three different light qualities on growth, photosynthesis, quality and safe parameters of hydroponic cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) were investigated indoor. Three different light qualities were created of red (660 nm), blue (450 nm) and green (550 nm) LEDs corresponding at ratio R660/B450 = 4/1 (RBL); R660/B450/G550= 5/2/3 (WWL); R660/B450/G550 = 1/1/1 (WL), which were tested at the same intensity (PPFD =190 μmol m^-2 s^-1). The results showed that the plant height and leaf number were the lowest in WL treatment. The SPAD, Net photosynthesis rate Pn, Fv/Fm, Leaf area index LAI values and all parameters of root characteristics were the highest in RBL treatment and were significantly different from two others. Fresh weight of stem, leaf and root, dry weight of root in the three light qualities were significantly different. In contrast, the highest K⁺ content in WL was different from WWL and RBL treatments, while Ca²⁺ and Fe²⁺ content were the highest in the RBL treatment. Vitamin C content was significantly different between the three treatments. nitrate and oxalic acid contents were the highest in WL treatment, whereas soluble-solids contents and vitamin C contents were the highest in RBL treatment. Oxalic acid, nitrate contents were observed tending reduced under WWL although oxalic acid content in RBL treatment was not different from WL and WWL treatments. In all three different light treatments were not detected Salmonella, E.coli. Our results suggest that RBL may be appropriate light for growth of spinach, but supplementary green light to a combination of red and blue LEDs at the reasonable rate can change the quality of spinach in a positive direction. Hydroponic cultivated spinach was safe for users.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.147-166
• /
• 2023

This study aimed to develop and apply guidelines for calculating greenhouse gas emissions to activate the contribution of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) for institutional-level research activities. In addition, we intended to improve awareness by identifying greenhouse gas emissions from KIGAM's basic research and development (R&D) activities in fiscal 2022. Herein, the research plan and budget contents of individual projects were analyzed, whilst the boundaries and scopes of greenhouse gas emissions were determined, with 22 cases being derived as either direct, indirect, or other sources of emissions. Subsequently, research activity emissions were calculated by emission source. The greenhouse gas emissions of KIGAM's 2022 basic project R&D activities were 2,041.506 tCO2eq, of which direct emissions were 793.235 tCO2eq (38.86%), indirect emissions comprised 305.647 tCO2eq (14.97%), whilst other emissions were 942.624 tCO2eq (46.18%). In particular, greenhouse gas emissions per 100 million won in the KIGAM's basic projects for fiscal 2022 (a total of 96.661 billion won) was calculated as 2.11 tCO2eq, whilst greenhouse gas emissions per participating researcher (was 4.800 tCO2eq. Such calculations should be carried out annually rather than once and accumulated for at least 5 years. Accordingly, it will be possible to standardize specific matters that influence emissions according to differences in research field characteristics and methods, thus guiding greenhouse gas emission reduction management in the future and evaluating the contributions of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) management to the environmental sector.