• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.24-30
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• 1977

인삼의 부위별(部位別) saponin조성(組成)에 대하여 검토하였으며 아울러 시판인삼차(市販人蔘茶)을 분석하여 saponin의 함량(含量) 및 분포형태를 검토하므로써 이들 제품의 품질을 추정하고자 하였다. (1) 백삼에는 타부위(他部位)보다 $2.6{\sim}6.6$배의 Ra(O)를 함유하였다. (2) 미삼(尾蔘), 피삼, 뇌두에는 $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc가 많았고 total saponin의 약 50%에 달하였다. (3) Rbc와 Rg(f)의 비(比)는 인삼잎이 0.64 : 1, 백삼이 2 : 1, 뇌두가 3 : 1, 인삼꽃이 3.2 : 1, 피삼이 5.8 : 1, 미삼이 7 : 1 정도였고 백삼은 미삼에 비하여 Rg(f)의 상대함량(相對含量)이 약 3배정도 많았다. (4) 13종(種)의 시판(市販)인삼차를 분석한 결과 panaxadiol계(系) saponin과 panaxatriol계(系) saponin의 비(比)는 $0.8{\sim}8\;:\;1$로 많은 차이가 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.271-274
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• 2013

Brain insults, including neurotrauma, infection, and perinatal injuries such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, generate inflammation in the brain. These inflammatory cascades induce a wide spectrum of cytokines, which can cause neuron degeneration, have neurotoxic effects on brain tissue, and lead to the development of seizures, even if they are subclinical and occur at birth. Cytokines are secreted by the glial cells of the central nervous system and they function as immune system mediators. Cytokines can be proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory. Interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-8 are proinflammatory cytokines that activate additional cytokine cascades and increase seizure susceptibility and organ damage, whereas IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-10 act as anti-inflammatory cytokines that have protective and anticonvulsant effects. Therefore, the immune system and its associated inflammatory reactions appear to play an important role in brain damage. Whether cytokine release is relevant for the processes of epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenesis, and whether epileptogenesis could be prevented by immunomodulatory treatment should be addressed in future clinical studies. Furthermore, early detection of brain damage and early intervention are essential for the prevention of disease progression and further neurological complications. Therefore, cytokines might be useful as biomarkers for earlier detection of brain damage in high-risk infants.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.180-190
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• 2007

이 연구는 강화형 미세입자 복합레진인 Micronew에 Biscover 레진전색제를 적용한 후 칫솔마모시험을 시행하여 복합레진 표면의 조도와 현미경적 변화를 비교함으로써 레진전색제를 복합레진 표면에 재적용할 시기를 알아보고자 하였다. 분리 가능한 알루미늄 판과 복합레진을 이용하여 $8\times3\times2mm$ 크기의 복합레진 시편 200개를 제작하였다. 복합레진 시편의 양쪽표면을 Sof-Lex disc로 거친 입자에서 중간 입자까지 마무리한 후 실온의 증류수에 24시간 동안 보관하였다. 시편은 disc로 마무리만 시행한 F군 (n = 10)과 마무리 후 레진전색제인 Biscover를 적용한 B군 (n = 190)으로 분류하였다. B군은 다시 칫솔질을 가하지 않은 B-IM군 (n = 10)과 칫솔질을 가한 군 (n = 180, B-1군에서 B-18 군)으로 분류하였다. 칫솔질을 가한 군은 칫솔마모검사기의 수조에 페리오 치약과 증류수를 무게 비 50 : 50으로 혼합하여 부은 다음, 홈이 파진 알루미늄 블록에 각 군의 시편을 위치시키고 칫솔을 고정장치에 부착하여 전, 후 왕복운동을 가하여 칫솔질을 가하였다. 칫솔질은 B-1 군에서 B-18군 까지 각각 900회씩 증가시켜 16,200회 까지 시행하였다 표면조도측정기를 사용하여 각 군의 복합레진 표면의 평균 표면조도 값 (Ra)을 산출한 후 통계적으로 분석하였고, 주사전자현미경하에서 각 군의 대표적인 시편 1개를 관찰하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. F군의 Ra는 $0.898{\pm}0.145{\mu}m$, B-IM군의 Ra는 $0.289{\pm}0.142{\mu}m$를 나타냈으며, B-1 군에서 B-18 군까지의 Ra는 점차적으로 증가하여 B-1 군에서 $0.299{\pm}0.48{\mu}m$, B-18 군에서 $0.642{\pm}0.313{\mu}m$까지 나타났다. 2. Ra 최종 군집중심은 군집 1 $(B-IM\simB-7)$에서 $0.361{\mu}m$, 군집 2 $(B-8\simB-14)$에서 $0.511{\mu}m$, 군집 3 $(B-15\simB-18)$에서 $0.624{\mu}m$를 나타내어 각 군집의 Ra 최종 군집중심 간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. (F = 49.705, p = 0.000) 3. B-IM군의 Ra 증감율은 F 군에 비해 210.72%감소되었으며, B-8 군과 B-15군의 Ra 증감율은 B-IM군에 비해 각각 35.49%와 51.35% 증가되었다. 4. FE-SEM 관찰에서 B-IM 군은 매우 평활한 복합레진 표면을 나타내었고, B-8 군은 전체적으로 평활한 복합레진 표면을 보였지만 표면에 수직으로 아주 얕은 흠집을 나타내었다. B-15 군은 복합레진 표면의 중앙에서 B-8군보다 더 넓고 불규칙한 수직의 흠집을 나타내었고, B-18군은 복합레진 표면 전체에 넓은 흠집을 나타내었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2005

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of intra-articular injection of interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) on the formalin-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. Under anesthesia, a 30-gauge needle was introduced into the right TMJ region for injection of formalin. Microinjection of 50 ${\mu}l$ of 5% formalin significantly produced noxious scratching behavioral response, and the scratching behavior lasted for 40 min. Although the responses produced by formalin injection were divided into two phases, the response of 1st phase did not significantly differ from the scratching behavior response in the saline-treated group. We examined the effects of intra-articular injection of IL-1${\beta}$ on the number of noxious behavioral responses produced by 50${\mu}l$ of 5% formalin injection. Intra-articular injection of 100 pg and 1 ng of IL-1${\beta}$ significantly increased the number of behavioral responses of the 2nd phase, while 10 pg of IL-1${\beta}$ did not change the formalin-induced behavioral responses. To investigate whether IL-1 receptor was involved in the intra-articular administration of IL-1${\beta}$-induced hyperalgesic response, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL- ra, 50 ng) was administrated together with IL-1${\beta}$ injection. IL-1${\beta}$ receptor antagonist blocked IL-1${\beta}$- induced hyperalgesic response in the TMJ formalin test. These results suggest that intra-articular injection of IL-1${\beta}$ facilitated the transmission of nociceptive information in the TMJ area.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2009

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that is characterized by inflammation of the synovial tissue and deterioration of the joint and bone. A recent study reported a potential gene-environment interaction between HLA-DR and smoking. The present study investigated whether a specific gene was related to the association between smoking and the severity of RA (rheumatoid factor levels > 20 IU/ml). We used the resources of the NARAC family collection of GAW 15 databases, and 1139 subjects with RF>20 IU/ml were included in the current analysis. The linkage panel contained 5858 SNP markers, and 5744 SNPs passed quality control criteria. Linear regression analyses, using PLINK software and generalized estimating equation regression models, were used to test for associations between the SNPs and the severity of RA according to smoking groups. Two major findings were established. First, the severity of RA in smokers was associated with rs703618 (p=$6{\times}10^{-5}$), which lies in the intronic region of the stabilin 2 (STAB2) gene on chromosome 12. Second, there were significant differences in the levels of RF between 'ever smokers' and 'never smokers' according to the rs703618 genotype (G/G, A/G, A/A). We investigated whether a specific gene acts as a mediator between smoking and the severity of RA and found that the STAB2 gene could affect this relationship. Our finding indicates that smoking may mediate RA severity by affecting the expression level of a specific gene.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.138-146
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• 2019

LoRa LPWAN 네트워크 시스템은 비면허 무선통신을 이용하고, Mems 기반 통합센서를 통하여 Data 계측 및 기존 계측센서의 무선통신을 구현한 시스템이다. 본 시스템은 기존의 무선계측시스템 대비 장거리 통신과 기존망을 활용한 기술적/경제적인 우수성을 갖고 있으며, 유선계측시스템 대비 시스템 구축장비의 최소화로 경제성을 확보하였다. 경제성 검토항목에서 기존 유선계측 시스템 대비 약 41%의 경제적인 절감효과가 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 유지관리 및 운영적인 측면에서도 우수하기 때문에 향후 국내에서도 많은 교량에 설치가 된다면, 교량의 유지관리 분야의 우수한 시스템으로 발전되고, 재난(지진 산사태 등), 환경(오염물 측정 및 관리 등), 플랜트 분야(화재 안전 등)에도 폭넓게 사용되길 기대한다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.150-162
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• 2009

Objectives: Inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ playa critical role in inflammatory immune response. Therefore, intervention of inflammatory mediator production promises therapeutic benefit for treatment of many chronic inflammatory diseases, such as allergic asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, septic shock and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, the pharmacological effects of the flower MeOH extract Panax notoginseng (Notoginseng Flos; NF) on inflammation were investigated to address potential therapeutic or toxic effects. Methods: RA W264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of NF methanol (NF-M) extract in the presence or absence of LPS ($1{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Results: NF-M extract significantly inhibited LPS-induced production of NO, $PGE_2$ and pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, NF-M extract suppressed mRNA expressions and protein levels of iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated RA W264.7 cells. Conclusion: These results indicated that NF-M extract inhibits LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators in macrophages and demonstrated that NF-M extract possesses anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.73-90
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• 2006

Objectives : The effects of water extract of deer antler herbal-acupunture solution(DHS), prepared from the pilose antler of Cervus korea TEMMINCK var. mantchuricus Swinhoe (Nokyong), a traditional immunosuppressive and immune-activating Korean herbal- acupuncture, on collagen-induced arthritis(CIA:RA model) in mice was studied. Destruction of cartilage and bone are hallmarks of human rheumatoid arthritis, and controlling these erosive processes is the most challenging objective in the treatment of RA. Methods : We investigated the tissue protective effects of deer antler treatment using established murine collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) as a model. Potential synergy of low dosages of anti-inflammatory glucocorticosteroids and deer antler was also evaluated. Results : Treatment of established murine CIA with deer antler herbal-acupunture solution(DHS) $(10-50{\mu}g/day)$ suppressed disease activity and protected against cartilage and bone destruction. Although $10-50{\mu}g/day$ DHS had only a moderate effect on the inflammatory component of the disease activity, it strongly reduced cartilage pathology, as determined by histological examination. Serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein(COMP) levels were significantly reduced, confirming decreased cartilage involvement. Histological analysis showed that bone destruction was prevented. DHS administration increased serum IL-1Ra levels and reduced anticollagen type II antibody levels. Treatment with low-dose $DHS(1{\mu}g/day)$ was ineffective in suppressing disease score, serum COMP or joint destruction. Synergistic suppression of both arthritis oseverity and COMP levels was noted when low-dose DHS was combined with prednisolone(0.05mg/kg/day), however, which in itself was not effective. Conclusion : DHS was shown to have the inhibiting effects against $IL-1{\alpha}-$ and $IL-1{\beta}-stimulated$ bone resorption. These results indicated that the DAS is not only highly stable and applicable to clinical uses in bone resorption, but also it will be served as a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic agents for treatment of human RA.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.326-336
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• 2021

Background: Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is critical for the binding and signaling of ligands that mediate inflammation. Extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases regulate posttranslational sulfation levels and patterns of HSPGs. In this study, extracellular 6-O-endosulfatases, sulfatase (Sulf)-1 and Sulf-2, were evaluated for their expression and function in inflammatory cells and tissues. Methods: Harvested human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were treated with phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide, and murine peritoneal macrophages were stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1β for the evaluation of Sulf-1 and Sulf-2 expression. Sulf expression in inflammatory cells was examined in the human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium by immunofluorescence staining. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were compared according to the expression state of Sulfs. Sulfs-knockdown macrophages and Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages were generated using small interfering RNAs and pcDNA3.1 plasmids for Sulf-1 and Sulf-2, respectively. Results: Lymphocytes and monocytes showed weak Sulf expression, which remained unaffected by IL-1β. However, peritoneal macrophages showed increased expression of Sulfs upon stimulation with IL-1β. In human RA synovium, two-colored double immunofluorescent staining of Sulfs and CD68 revealed active upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages of inflamed tissues, but not in lymphocytes of lymphoid follicles. Macrophages are professional antigen-presenting cells. The antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages were dependent on the level of Sulf expression, suppressed in Sulfs-knockdown macrophages, and enhanced in Sulfs-overexpressing macrophages. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that upregulation of Sulfs in macrophages occurs in response to inflammation, and Sulfs actively regulate the antigen presentation and phagocytic activities of macrophages as novel immune regulators.

• 태양에너지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.123-135
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• 1998

자연대류에서 정사각형 밀폐공간의 중앙에 고립된 전도성 장애물이 들어 있을 때 열전도도의 효과를 수치해석적으로 연구하였다. Pr=0.17, $Ra=1.0{\times}10^4,\;1.0{\times}10^5,\;1.0{\times}10^6$, 유체와 전도체의 열전도율비인 $K^*$=1.0, 6.6, 34.0 그리고 전도성 장애물의 비 ${\zeta}$=0.5,1.0,2.0에서 수치연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과들은 유선, 등온선 그리고 Nusselt수로 나타내었다. Ra and $K^*$ 값이 일정한 상태에서 평균 Nusselt수가 증가함에 따라 ${\zeta}$ 가 증가하였다. ${\zeta}=1.0$(장애물의 형상비)일 경우 Rayleigh수에 관계없이 $K^*$(장애물의 열전도율비)가 증가할수록 평균 Nusselt수는 감소한다. 장애물의 크기와 열전도율비가 동일할 때 대류열전달 효과는 ${\zeta}=0.5$인 경우보다 ${\zeta}=2.0$일 때 더 향상되었다.