• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2002

In this study, the Korean Gastric Cancer Association collected 12,152 gastric cancer patients (5,380 in 1995, 6,772 in 1999) from 29 hospitals. Twelve clinicopathological factorssex, age, operation date, tumor location, size, operation method, gross type of early gastric cancer, Borrmann type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, stage-were summarized in a database file and analyzed. Chronological change has been evaluated between the patients in 1995 and those in 1999. Proportion of early gastric cancer has been increased from $28.6\%$ in 1995 to $32.8\%$ in 1999. The UICC staging was $25.3\%$ (1995), $29.3\%$ (1999) for stage Ia, $12.7\%,\;13.9\%$, for stage Ib, $15.7\%,\;14.8\%$, for stage II, $15.2\%,\;13.2\%$, for stage IIIa, $8.2\%,\;6.3\%$, for stage IIIb, and $20.1\%,\;18.1\%$, for stage IV. The operation of each year was subtotal gastrectomy ($67.6\%,\;67.3\%$), total gastrectomy ($26.6\%,\;24.1\%$), proximalgastrectomy ($0.3\%,\;3.6\%$), wedge resection ($0.1\%,\;0.5\%$), bypass surgery ($2.3\%,\;1.8\%$), and open biopsy ($3.1\%,\;2.7\%$). In early gastric cancer, type IIc was the most common ($44.5\%$ in 1995, $42.8\%$ in 1999). The incidence of upper one-third cancer was slightly increased in 1999 ($12.5\%$) than 1995 ($11.2\%$), which is reflected in the increased prox-imal gastrectomy in 1999 (207 cases, $3.6\%$). There was no significant difference between either groups regarding the regional differences.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 1998

This is the review of vegetational history of the post-glacial period in Korea. most of studies for vegetational changes are located in the lowland alluvial plain, especially below the hilly zone of western and eastern coastal regions of Korea. A couple of methods, pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating, have been employed in these studies. These results lead us to establish the pollen zonation in Korea as the followings. Yasuda et al.(1980) classified six period in Yongrang lake of sokcho. These are as follow I. 17,000-15,000yr B.P.: Picea, Abies, Pinus(Haploxylon), Larix stage, II.15,000-10,000yr B.P:Herb, Pteridophyta stage, III.10.000-6,700yr BP.:Quercus stage, IV.6,700-4,500yr B.P.:Pinus, Quercus, Carpinus stage, V.4,500-1,400yr B.P.:Quercus. Pinus stage, VI.1,400yr B.P.-present: Pinus, Herbs stage. Jo(1979) also divided the period into two stages from the outcomes of analysis done in Jumoonjin and other sites I.10,000-6,000yr B.P.:Quercus stage, II.6,000-present: Pinus-Quercus stage, and three substages: IIa.6,000-3,400 yr B.P.:lower Pinus stage, IIb.3,400-2,000yr B.P.:Pinus-Quercus stage, IIc.2,000-present: Pinus stage. Choi(1993, 1996) divided the period into three stages: I.6,000-5,000yr B.P.:Alnus, Quercus stage, II.5,000-4,000yr B.P.: Alnus, Quercus, Pinus stage, III.4,500-2,600yr B.P.: Alnus, Pinus stage. In the period around 6,000yr B.P. distinct dominant species clearly occupied the lowland of the eastern and western coasts. Thus, this strongly supports the fact that even if Korea experienced its warm and wet climate after the lateglacial, it underwent a different environmental change, dry climate, compared to the regions of Japan.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.341-350
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• 2011

For the reconstruction of the past vegetational changes in Jeju Island, Korea, pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating on the sediments obtained from the Mulyeongari fen were carried out. By the results, the vegetational changes around the Mulyeongari fen from ca. 3,300 cal. yr BP to the present can be interpreted and reconstructed. The pollen record from the Mulyeongari fen was divided into two local pollen assemblage zones and three sub-pollen assemblage zones. Zone I (Quercus-Carpinus-Herbs Zone) was characterized by the predominance of Quercus(30~63%), Carpinus(9~35%) and herbs(40~424%). Zone II was characterized by three sub-pollen assemblage zones and the high occurrence ratio of the tree layer in comparison with Zone I. In Zone IIa (Quercus-Carpinus Zone), herbs(3~161%) were drastically decreased in predominance of Quercus(28~56%) and Carpinus(14~31%). In Zone IIb (Carpinus-Quercus Zone), Carpinus(36~48%) was preferentially increased but Quercus(29~39%) was slightly decreased. In Zone IIc (Quercus-Carpinus Zone), Carpinus(26~38%) was decreased inversely but Quercus(36~50%) was increased. In addition, Cyperaceae was also increased to 52%. Consequently, it is suggested that cool temperate southern/sub-montane vegetation composed of Quercus and Carpinus which was physiognomy of deciduous broad leaved forest was distributed around the Mulyeongari fen from ca. 3,300 cal. yr BP. In addition, Cyclobalanopsis(4~23%), Castanopsis(1~12%) and Myrica(under 1%) which are warm-temperate evergreen deciduous forest components were constantly appeared from this period. Accordingly, it can be inferred that the present vegetation type around the Mulyeongari fen was formed from ca. 180 cal. yr BP.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4839-4842
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• 2013

Aims and Background: To improve understanding of the relationship between schistosome-related enteropathy and colorectal carcinoma with particular focus on endoscopic findings and clinicopathological characteristics of colonic schistosomiasis. Materials and Methods: All cases of intestinal schistosomiasis diagnosed at West China Hospital, Chengdu, China, between October 2006 and October 2012 were included in this study. A total of 179 cases of colonic schistosomiasis diagnosed through colonoscopy and pathological examinations were collected for analysis and the demographics, symptoms, endoscopic findings and clinicopathological characteristics were retrospectively evaluated. Results: Of the 179 colonic schistosomiasis patients, 32 combined with colorectal cancer (CRC) were found, between the ages of 44 and 85 years (24 males, 75%). These 32 lesions were classified as 12 endophytic/ulcerative (37.5%), 10 exophytic/fungating (31.2%), 4 annular (12.5%), 3 giant polypus (9.4%), and 3 IIc (superficial depressed type) (9.4%). The segments of rectum and sigmoid colon were involved in 19 patients (59.4%) and 6 patients (18.8%), respectively. The histopathologic types were classified as follows: 30 welldifferentiated adenocarcinomas, one mucinous adenocarcinoma and one poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. The pathological findings suggest colorectal malignancy with deposited schistosome ova. Conclusions: Chronic schistosomal infestation has a probable etiological role in promoting genesis of colorectal neoplasms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2001

In order to transform pokeweed antiviral protein cDNA to tobacco plant, total RNA was extracted from Phytolacca americana. PAP-II cDNA was synthesized from purified total RNA via RT-PCR and subcloned to recombinant vector pBluescript II SK-. 10 deletion mutant PAP-II cDNA fragments which were sequentially deleted from N-terminal by 90bp were synthesized from PAP-II cDNA except leading frame by PCR with primers designed in our laboratory. To select non-cytotoxic clone, pAc55M was constructed with yeast expression vector pAc55 and multicloning site(MCS). Sequentially deleted mutant PAP-II cDNAs were cloned on downstream of gall promoter of pAc55M. 6 non-cytotoxic deletion mutant PAP-II cDNA were selected. Selected cDNAs were cloned into plant expression vector pKGT101BH for transformation of these clones to plant through Agrobacterium tumefacience. After cloning, recombinant pKGT101BH carrying deleted mutant PAP-IIcDNA were transformed to Nicotiana tabacum cv. NC567. Transformed tobacco plants cultured on shooting and rooting media were transfered to green-house. About four weeks later, these plants were infected with physically infection using carborandum with PVY-VN strain. After 4 weeks, plants resistant to virus were selected , and seeds of these plants were gathered. Southern blot hybridization showed deleted fragments by 220bp and 420bp, so resistant ability of these plants is due to mutant PAP-II cDNA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.3 s.67
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• pp.32-39
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• 2004

This papers describes on the experimental consideration for the intrinsically-safe explosion-proof capability of rechargeable battery's body about main item rechargeable battery and cellular phone battery which is selling in domestic that IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission) recommend the measurement of ignition limit by short circuit of rechargeable battery and temperature increase test to use a explosion grade Group IIC type of explosion-proof type apparatus test an object of hydrogen gas. Because of that there are many different results for existence or nonexistence for ignition by different company and different types. It is concluded that the maximum of self temperature increasing by spark circuit of rechargeable battery is $180^{\circ}C$ in case of Nickel-Hydrogen and $110^{\circ}C$ in case of Nickel-Cadmium. The reaction of cellular battery for external temperature have following processes. It is confirmed that the temperature of reaction is rise slantly as the ambient temperature rising, then exterior shape of one is swell up and change when the temperature of ambient reach to about $130\~140^{\circ}C$, and when reach to about $160^{\circ}C$ the battery is blown up. Therefore, it is considered that have to be in considering selection of rechargeable battery using in itself due to different ignition limits of various rechargeable battery when the portable electric containing rechargeable battery are designed, produced and used, the characteristics and the proper safety factors of devices.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.331-341
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• 2017

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of microscopic invasion to determine the adequate resection margin in early gastric cancer (EGC). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review was performed that included patients who underwent gastrectomy for clinical early gastric cancer (cEGC) at Seoul National University Hospital between January 2007 and December 2010. After subtracting the microscopic resection margin from the gross resection margin for each proximal or distal resection margin, microscopic invasion was represented by the larger value. Microscopic invasion and its risk factors were analyzed according to the clinicopathologic characteristics. Results: In total, 861 patients were enrolled in the study. Microscopic invasion of cEGC was $6.0{\pm}12.8mm$, and the proportion of patients with microscopic invasion ${\geq}0mm$ was 78.4%. In the risk group, tumor location, pT stage, and differentiation did not significantly discriminate the presence of microscopic invasion. The microscopic invasion of EGC-IIb was $13.9{\pm}16.8mm$, which was significantly greater than that of EGC-I. No linear correlation was observed between the overall tumor size and microscopic invasion (R=0.030). The independent risk factors for microscopic invasion ${\geq}20mm$ were EGC-IIb vs. EGC-I/IIa/IIc/III (odds ratio [OR], 3.103; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.533-6.282; P=0.002) and male vs. female sex (OR, 1.655; 95% CI, 1.012-2.705; P=0.045). Conclusions: Male sex and EGC-IIb were independent risk factors for microscopic invasion ${\geq}20mm$. Examination of intraoperative frozen sections is highly recommended to avoid resection margin involvement, especially in cases of EGC-IIb.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.872-880
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• 1985

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by fatigue and weakness of voluntary muscles. Although the pathogenesis is known as reduction of available acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions by autoimmune attack, the thymic role in myasthenia gravis is still unclear and under investigation. But thymectomy in the management of myasthenia gravis has become increasingly important since the first successful operation with remission of symptoms in 1939 by Blalock. From January 1983 to June 1985, authors performed 17 thymectomies for patients with myasthenia gravis. Among them, 12 patients were free from thymoma [Croup A] and 5 were coupled with thymoma [Group B]. The results were as follows: 1] Sex distribution was 11 females and 6 males. Mean age of the patients was 32.2 year old. Sex and age distribution by the Group A and B are shown Table 1. 2] Clinical manifestations of ocular symptoms were seen in 5 patients [88.2%], extremity weakness in 13 patients, bulbar weakness in 12 patients and dyspnea in 6 patients. According to the Osserman`s classification, 5 patients were in group IIA, 6 in IIB and 6 in IIC. 3] Pre-operatively, all patients were positive response to the anti-cholinesterase test and 12 patients [92.3%] revealed positive findings in electromyography [EMC] which was done in 13 patients. 4] The postoperative complications were respiratory distress in 3 patients, myasthenic crisis in 2 patients and wound disruption in one patients. 5] Pathologic examination of the thymus showed hyperplasia in 10 patients [90%] and thymoma in 5 patients, of which 4 were mixed type with invasion to the adjacent tissues and one lymphocytic type without invasion. Normal thymus was noticed in only 2 patients. 6] In postoperative evaluations, among the 12 patients c free from thymoma [Group A], complete remission of symptoms was noticed in 3 patients and improvement in 7 patients. But among the 5 patients coupled with thymoma [Group B], only one patients showed improvement [Table 8]. Therefore, remission and clinical improvement were noticed in 11 patients [64.7%] of the all and complete remission was noticed in 3 patients [17.6%].

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.397-406
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• 2013

Wetland conservation plan has been established to protect ecologically important wetlands based on vegetation integrity, spatial distribution of endangered species, but recently more demands are concentrated on the landscape ecological approaches such as topological relationship, neighboring area, spatial arrangements between wetlands at the broad scale. Landscape ecological analysis and graph theory are conducted to identify spatial characteristics related to core nodes and weak links of wetland networks in Nakdong basin. Regular planar model, which is selected for wetland networks, is applied in the Nakdong basin. The analysis indicates that 5 regional groups and 4 core wetlands are extracted with 15km threshold distance. The IIC and PC values based on the binary and probability models suggest that the wetland group C composed of main stream of Nakdong river and Geumho river is the most important area for wetland network. Wetland conservation plan, restoration projected of damaged and weak links between wetlands should be proposed through evaluating the node, links, and networks from wetlands at the local to the regional scale in Nakdong basin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 1995

In this paper to investigate mode I and mode II critical energy release rates, G sub(IC) and G sub(IIC), three prepregs which are domestic products are used. Those are used for the unidirectional composites, but only one is used for the cross-ply laminate composites which is molded [0/90] sub(6s), [0/45] sub(6s) and [0/45/90] sub(6s). The value of G sub(IC) is almost same when modified three calculating methods are applied. The highest value of G sub(IC) at crack initiation is obtained at the [0/90] sub(6s) interlaminar and the lowest one is at the [0/45/90] sub(6s) interlaminar.