• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2004

The effect of immune activation by Echinacea purpurea was investigated by measuring total immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM. and the radioprotective effect of immune activation by Echinacea purpurea was investigated by measuring T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of mice following whole body irradiation. Echinacea purpurea activated macrophages to stimulate $IFN-{\gamma}$ production in association with the secondary activation of T lymphocytes, resulting in a decrease in IgG and IgM production. Cytokines released from macrophages in mouse peripheral blood after Echinacea purpurea administration activated helper T cells to proliferate. In addition, activated macrophages in association with the secondary T lymphocyte activation increased $IFN-{\gamma}$ production and stimulated proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells, indicating the activation of cell-mediated immune responses.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2003

We investigated the immune enhancement effects of JaSaengHwan (JSH). The forced swimming test (FST) has been used as a screening model for new immune enhancement agents. We found that JSH (0.1 mg/ml) significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. Also, we investigated the effect of JSH on the proliferation of T cell and production of cytokines in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. JSH (1 mg/ml) significantly increased the cell proliferation by $46.78{\pm}6.41%$ (p<0.05) and also significantly increased the interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ production compared with media control (about 2-fold for IL-2, 3-fold for IL-4 and 1.5-fold for $IFN-{\gamma}$, p<0.05) at 24 h. In addition, JSH increased the production of IL-12 on the mouse peritoneal macrophages (by 3.6-fold for IL-12, p<0.05). In conclusion, these data indicate that JSH may have an immune-enhancement effect.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.246-250
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• 2019

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn has been usedas a traditional remedy and food source in South Korea. It promotes gastrointestinal function and controls blood pressures. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn water extracts supplement at 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ after a 48 h pre-treatment with the mitogen (ConA or LPS) increased the mouse splenocytes proliferation. Water extract supplement also increased the cytokine production ($IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$), measured by a cytokine ELISA kit. For the result of in vitro study, the proliferation of splenocytes and cytokine production activated by peritoneal macrophages increased when water extracts were supplemented in the range of $50{\sim}500{\mu}L/mL$ concentration. Specifically, the levels of the splenocytes proliferation, $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ were the highest at $250{\mu}L/mL$ concentration. This in vitro study suggestedthat supplementation with Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn water extracts may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocyte proliferation and enhancing the cytokine production activating macrophage in vitro.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.779-788
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• 2013

본 연구는 5주간의 고지방 식이(45% 지방)가 복강 대식세포의 면역 반응에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. C57BL/6 마우스(4주령, N=16)를 2집단으로 나누어 고지방 식이집단(HD, N=8)은 45% 지방 함량 고지방식이를 정상 식이집단(ND, N=8)은 정상식이(10% 지방)를 5주간 실시하였다. 복강 대식세포는 복강세척법을 이용하여 획득하였으며, LPS (lipopolysaccharide, $1{\mu}g/ml$, 24시간)를 이용하여 배양하였다. 체중은 고지방식이 후 유의하게 증가하였으며, LPS 처치 후 HD그룹의 산화질소, IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IFN-${\gamma}$ 생성량은 ND그룹에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다. 그러나 두 집단에서 TNF-${\alpha}$와 IL-12의 생성량은 유의한 변화가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 비만 시 대식세포의 식균작용, 산화질소, IL-$1{\beta}$ 및 IFN-${\gamma}$ 생성량이 낮아짐에 따라 면역반응과 항원자극 감수성이 저하되는 것으로 사료된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.133-140
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• 2007

Background: It is well established that cross talk between natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid dendritic cells (DC) leads to NK cell activation and DC maturation. In the present study, we investigated whether type 1-polarized DC (DC1) matured in the presence of IFN-${\gamma}$ and type 2-polarized DC (DC2) matured in the presence of PGE2 can differentially activate NK cells. Methods: In order to generate DC, plastic adherent monocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 containing GM-CSF and IL-4. At day 6, maturation was induced by culturing the cells for 2 days with cytokines or PGE2 in the presence or absence of LPS. Each population of DC was cocultured with NK cells for 24 h. The antigen expression on DC was analyzed by flow cytometry and cytokine production in culture supernatant was measured by ELISA or a bioassay for TNF-${\alpha}$ determination. NK cell-mediated lysis was determined using a standard 4h chromium release assay. Results: DC2, unlike DC1, had weak, if any, ability to induce NK cell activation as measured by IFN-${\gamma}$ production and cytolytic activity. DC2 were weakly stimulated by activated NK cells compared to DC1. In addition, IFN-${\gamma}$-primed mature DC appeared to be most resistant to active NK cell-mediated lysis even at a high NK cell/DC ratio. On the other hand, PGE2-primed DC were less resistant to feedback regulation by NK cells than IFN-${\gamma}$-primed mature DC. Finally, we showed that the differential effect of two types of DC population on NK cell activity is not due to differences in their ability to form conjugates with NK cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that different combinations of inflammatory mediators differentially affect the effector function of DC and, as a result, the function of NK cells, eventually leading to distinct levels of activation in adaptive immunity.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2013

Objectives : Hibisci Flos has long been used for inflammatory diseases in traditional Korean medicine. However, little scientific investigation has been carried out. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Hibisci Flos water extract (HF) on inflammatory cytokines production in Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccaride (LPS). Method : HF was prepared by extracting with boiling water for 2 hours. We observed the cell viability of mouse macrophage Raw 264.7, the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-15, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by LPS. Result : The MTT assay was carried out to check the cellular toxicity of HF. No significant toxicity was observed in the experiment. HF significantly inhibited the increase of NO in the macrophages induced by LPS after 24 hour treatment. HF significantly inhibited the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-15, TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$, VEGF, GM-CSF and M-CSF in the Raw 264.7 cells induced by LPS in the concentration of $25{\mu}g/mL$ or higher. Conclusion : These results suggest that HF might have regulatory effects on LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production, which might explain its beneficial effect in the treatment of inflammatory disease.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2009

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activities of Phellinus linteus (PL) and Phellinus linteus Grow in Germinated Brown Rice (BRPL). In order to effectively screen for anti-inflammatory agents, we first examined the extracts' inhibitory effects on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines activated with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, we examined the inhibitory effects of the PL and BRPL extracts on pro-inflammatory factors such as NO, iNOS, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. NO production and iNOS expression was significantly augmented in LPS treated cell, the production of NO and iNOS was greater in the BRPL than in the PL group. In addition, protein and mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in BRPL showed relatively more potent pro-inflammatory-activity inhibition compared to that of PL. These results suggest that BRPL may have significant effects on inflammatory factors, and may be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.196-206
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• 2012

Besides their role as building blocks of protein, there are growing evidences that some amino acids have roles in regulating key metabolic pathways that are necessary for maintenance, growth, reproduction, and immunity. Here, we evaluated the modulatory functions of several amino acids in protective immunity against mucosal infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We found that glutamine (Gln) and leucine (Leu) showed enhanced protective immunity to HSV-1 mucosal infection when two administration of Gln and single administration of Leu per day, but not when administered in combinations. Ameliorated clinical signs of HSV-1 challenged mice by the intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu were closely associated with viral burden and IFN-${\gamma}$ production in the vaginal tract at 2 and 4 days post-infection. In addition, the enhanced production of vaginal IFN-${\gamma}$ appeared to be caused by NK and HSV-1 antigen-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells recruited into vaginal tract of mice treated with Gln and Leu, which indicates that IFN-${\gamma}$, produced by NK and Th1-type CD4+ T cells, may be critical to control the outcome of diseases caused by HSV-1 mucosal infection. Collectively, our results indicate that intraperitoneal administration of Gln and Leu following HSV-1 mucosal infection could provide beneficial effects for the modulation of protective immunity, but dosage and frequency of administration should be carefully considered, because higher frequency and overdose of Gln and Leu, or their combined treatment, showed detrimental effects to protective immunity.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2018

Flammulina velutipes is an edible mushroom and contains a lot of fiber, vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, niacin and folic acid. This study was conducted to explore the effects of the Flammulina velutipes mushroom on immune cells and immunity. Th1 cytokine productions as $IFN-{\gamma}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, and IL-2 were measured in an activated macrophage by Flammulina velutipes water extract in seven concentrations (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and $1,000{\mu}g/mL$). Also, the splenocyte proliferation index was measured at 48 hours after treatment of the Flammulina velutipes water extract in seven concentrations or mitogen, LPS and ConA. The $IFN-{\gamma}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ productions were increased by treatment of the Flammulina velutipes water extract. The $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was significantly higher in the $50{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ Flammulina velutipes water extract treated macrophages. The $IFN-{\gamma}$ production of macrophages treated with the Flammulina velutipes water extract increased significantly in all groups, and the highest $1000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration. The splenocyte proliferation index was enhanced when the $10{\sim}1,000{\mu}g/mL$ Flammulina velutipes water extracts were treated compared to the control. These primary results suggest that Flammulina velutipes may enhance the immune function by activation of the macrophage and spleen cell.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2000

ADP-rubosylation may be involved in the process of macrophage activation. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important intracellular and interacellular regulatory molecule with function as diverse as vasodilation, neural communication or host defense. NO is derived from the oxidation of the terminal guanidino nitrogen atom of L-arginine by the NADPH -dependent enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which is one of the three different isomers in mammalian tissues. Since NO can exert protective or regulatory functions in the cell at a low concentration while toxic effects at higher concentrations, its role may be tightly regulated in the cell. Therefore, this paper was focused on signal transduction pathway of NO synthesis, role of endogenous TGF-$\beta$ in NO production. effect of NO on superoxide formation. Costimulation of murine peritoneal macrophages with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increased both NO secretion and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) when PMA abolished costimulation. Pretreatmnet of the cells with PMA abolished costimuation effects due to the depletion of protein kinase C (PKC) activities . The involvement of PKC in NO secretion could be further confirmed by PKC inhibitor, stauroprine, and phorbol ester derivative, phorbol 12,13-didecanoate. Addition of actinomycine D in IFN-γ plus PMA stimulated cells inhibited both NO secretion and mRNA expression of iNOS indication that PMA stabilizes mRNA of iNOS . Exogenous TGF-$\beta$ reduced NO secretion in IFN -γ stimulated murine macrophages. However addition of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to TGF-$\beta$ to this system recovered the ability of NO production and inhibited mRNA expression of TGF-$\beta$. ACAS interactive laser cytometry analysis showed that transportation of FITC -labeled antisense ODN complementary to TGF-$\beta$ mRNA could be observed within 5 min and reached maximal intensity in 30 min in the murine macrophage cells. NO released by activated macrophages inhibits superoxide formation in the same cells . This inhibition nay be related on NO-induced auto -adenosine diphosphate (ADP) -ribosylation . In addition, ADP-ribosylation may be involved in the process of macrophage activation .