• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.82-89
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• 2019

This study was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with contracting Lyme disease (LD) among Korean deer farmers. This cross-sectional study devised questionnaire that addressed farm activities, was devised and the blood samples of 516 Korean deer farmers were tested. LD seroprevalence was determined by Western blot test. Fisher's exact test, the chi-squared test, and the chi-squared test for trend analysis were performed to assess the risk associated with LD. Of total 516 study participants recruited, only 12 (2.3%) were seropositive for LD. The result of the study revealed that only deer farmers raising Elk (Cervus Canadensis) were found to be at significantly higher risk of contracting LD than other deer farmers (p=0.033). In addition, a male sex, an age of < 40 years, and those that had raised deer for < 19 years had higher rates of LD infection than their counterparts. Similarly, those that managed livestock sheds, fed deer, processed industry and prepared compost had higher rates of LD infection. In terms of protective factors, those who did not use protective measures such as wear glasses and masks, or protective gloves and aprons, and those that did not disinfect work instruments and did not shower after work had higher rates of LD than those that used protective measures. In conclusion, preventive health strategies should take into account the profiles of deer farmers at greater risk based on considerations of personal, type of work, and the use of personal protective measures.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.583-593
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• 1995

The present study was conducted to develop a toxoplasma latex agglutination test antigen(Test-MT) and evaluate the toxoplasma latex agglutination(LA) test using a newly-made "Test-MT kit" by comparing with the Toxo-MT kit(Eiken chemical co, Tokyo). Also, the specifity and sensitivity test were made by comparing with IFA test and IgG-ELISA. Tachyzoite suspensions of Toxoplasma gondii(RH strain) were ultracentrifuged for 30min at $60,000{\times}g(4^{\circ}C)$ and the supernatant was used as a water-lysate antigen. Polystyrene latex particles of $1.0{\mu}m$ in diameter(Polyscience co) were used for the preparation of sensitized latex-antigen supension(Test-MT). The frequency distribution of LA titers in Test-MT showed two peaks at <1:32 and 1:128. The borderline titer for positive test in Test-MT was determined to be 1:64. But the frequency distribution of LA tites in Toxo-MT showed two peaks at <1:16 and 1:64. The positive borderline was determined to be 1:32. Agreement of reactions between Test-MT and Toxo-MT kit by LA test was shown 92.5% in bovine sera and 97.0% in swine sera, respectively. From the results obtained here it was determined that the sensitized latex-antigen, Test-MT kit, for the microtiter agglutination test prepared as same as by the procedure described in the previous paper(Suh and Lee, 1993) was useful as a highly specific, sensitive and stable immunotiteration reagent for serodiagnosis of toxoplasma infection in animal sera.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1999

Sero-epidemiologic survey has been carried out to establish serologically the presence of hantavirus in areas of South Africa. The survey was oriented to search natural infection in both of humans and wild rodents and involvement of human disease. The normal human sera were collected from the residents in urban and rural areas of Western Cape, and rural area of Eastern Cape province. The rodent sera came from various species of rodents trapped in Northern Cape and Western Free provinces. The patient sera were selected from the patients of renal failure, pulmonary syndrome and pyrexia of unknown origin (PUQ) according to diagnostic chart among the patients hospitalized in major hospitals of Cape Town area. The sera were screened and titrated by IFA test using antigens of Hantaan (HTN), Seoul (SEO), Puumala (PUU), and Prospect Hill (PH) viruses primarily. Positive cases were subjected to differential IFA test using HTN, PUU and PH antigens and plaque reduction neutralization test for further confirmation. Anti-hantavirus antibodies were detected from 2 of 352 rural, 1 of 172 urban residents of E. Cape, and 5 of 118 rural, 5 of 368 urban residents of W. Cape. The antibody was also demonstrated from 5 of 221 wild rodents, and it was appeared that 2 different species, Aethomys namaquensis and Tatem leucogaster, are involved. Among 318 patients tested, 3 who were diagnosed as chronic renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and glomerulonephritis were proved to be positive. The reaction patterns obtained from all of these positive sera were distinct from hantaviral sero-patterns ever established. This result suggests that new viruses may exist in this area and play an possible etiologic role in human disease. The feature of serologic survey on anti-hantavirus antibody demonstrable newly from African wild rodents which are different from reservoir species in other continents elicits a conjecture that the virus may be different from known hantaviruses ever found. This fact also suggests that an expanded role in etiologic involvement with other unknown human diseases by newly emerging hantaviruses may be possible in this areas.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.377-380
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• 1992

The value of the cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as a possible replacement for the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test for the estimation of antibodies against BD virus was assessed in four animal models. The serum antibody response was measured by both assay systems;the variability of both tests was less than one diluent step, and correlation of the two tests was assessed using regression analysis. The study showed that the all four animal models gave satisfactory correlation of CELISA and IFA. There, CELISA is acceptable for use in mouse, rabbit, chicken and rat models.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2000

In this experiment, we studied the sero-positive rate of akabane virus in cattle from Jeju-do and analyzed the seroepidemiological features. In an analysis of 1,051 samples, the positive rate for neutralizing antibody in sera collected in nine regions on Jeju-do was 56.7%. The rate varied with the region. The positive rate was 69.6% in Aewol, 63.1% in Jeju city, 54.4% in Anduck, 51.0% in Hallim, 69.8% in Jocheun, 47.6% in Pyosun, 40% in Daejeong, 30.0% in Harkyung, 71.6% in Namwon, 24.5% in Sungsan, 133.,3% in Seokypo and 44.5% in Gujwa, respectively The rate also depended on the age of the cattle. The positive rate was 67.2% in calves 0- to 12-month old, 48.3% in cattle 13- to 24-month old, 65.4% in cattle 25- to 36-month old, and 65.4% in cattle more than ,B7 months old. To isolate the virus from calves with malformations including arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly, cerebral homogenates were inoculated into Vero cells, which were determined for cytopathic effect (CPE). Vero cells with CPE were examined for Akabane virus using an electron microscope (EM) and indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (EM). Typical virus particles with a width of 90-130nm and specific immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of infected cells were sought for identification.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1995

To elucidate pathogenesis of bovine leukemia virus(BLV) in Korean native goats, the goats experimentally infected with BLV were studied especially for the aspects of infectivity and hematological changes. The experimental goats were examined for 27 months by agar-gel immunodiffusion(AGID) test and syncytium formation assay. During this period, changes of total leucocyte, absolute Iymphocyte and atypical Iymphocyte were examined, and the distribution of surface immunoglobulin ( sIg ) -bearing cells and rosette forming cell (RFC) in the peripheral Iymphocyte were also investigated. By indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) and complement dependent antibody cytotoxicity (CDAC) assay using monoclonal antibody(Mab) against bovine leukosis tumor-associated anti-gen(BL-TAA), changes of BL-TAA positive Iymphocyte in peripheral blood were measured. The results obtained through the experiment were summarized as follows. 1. Antibody titers were measured by AGID using gP51 and P24 antigens. The animals were serologically converted at 2 months post-inoculation(pi) in gP51 antigen, whereas sero-converted at 4 months pi in P24 antigen. In comparison with antibody titers for gP51, P24 antigen showed lower titers throughout the trial period. 2. The peripheral lymphocytes from all of the infected goats, as co-cultivated with F8l cells manifested syncytial formation at 4 months pi. 3. On counting total leucocyte, Iymphocyte and atypical Iymphocyte, two out of four infected goats showed normal distribution, while No 2 of the remaining two revealed temporal and No 3, Persistant increasing number of the cells. 4. The optimal condition of rosette formation of the peripheral Iymphocyte of normal Korean native goats was shown in the sheep erythrocyte treated with 0.1M AET for 30 nun at $37^{\circ}C$. When the Iymphocytes were treated in nylon wool column, the number of sIg-bear-ing cell were increased in the nylon wool adherent cells, but RFC was increased in the non-adherent cells. Of the infected goats, No 2 and No 3 showed significantly increasing number of sIg-bearing cells at 18 months pi. 5. The Iymphocytes of No 2 and No 3 goats reacted positively in IFA using Mab against BL-TAA at 12 months pi and 18 months pi, respectively. In CDAC test, all of four infected goats revealed positive reaction at 24 months pi. The higher positive rates were observed in No 2 and No 3 as compared with the remainders.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1151-1160
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• 1999

This study was conducted to detect the toxoplasma-specific DNA in peripheral blood collected from cats experimentally infected with Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) and from domiciled cats by B1 gene-base polymerise chain reaction(PCR). The sensitivity of oligonucleotide primer, T-1 & T-2, designed from toxoplasma B1 gene amplification method was compared with parasite detection by mouse inoculation(MI). And also, latex agglutination test(LAT) and indirect fluorescent antibody test(IFAT) were conducted to detect the fluctuation of serum antibodies compared with the detection of toxoplasma by PCR and MI. Toxoplasma B1 gene PCR was shown consistently high sensitivity and the results obtained by PCR agreed completely with those from MI. All blood samples collected before infection with T gondii gave negative results by PCR and MI. Also, toxoplasma Bl gene PCR was not cross reaction with Neospora caninum DNA and normal cat leucocyte as controls. The toxoplasma-specific DNA was detected by PCR in blood of 5 cats experimentally infected with T gondii 6 days after infection and the detection of this specific-DNA was long lasted in blood for 64 days after infection. The detection of toxoplasma-specific DNA by PCR could be identified as few as 10 tachyzoites and the isolation of T gondii by MI could be isolated as few as 1 tachyzoite from tenfold serial dilution of T gondii with normal cat blood, respectively. In healthy domiciled cats, the toxoplasma-specific DNA and the parasite were detected and isolated in blood from 3 of 56(5.3%) cats by both PCR and MI, respectively. In the results of antibody test from the total 56 heads of healthy domiciled cats, the positive rates are 15(26.7%) by LAT and 19(33.9%) by IFAT. These results suggest that PCR detection of toxoplasma can be applied as a sensitive and specific diagnostic and research tool.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.281-288
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• 2004

As all other intensively farmed domestic species, most mortality in ostriches is closely to rearing conditions. While ostriches is also highly sensitive to stress, species-specific infectious disease play only a minor role. But investigation of ostrich's disease is not peformed almost in Korea. The study was performed to investigate the titers of antibody for Newcastle disease(ND), Infectious bronchitis(IB), Egg drop syndrome '76(EDS), Avian influenza(AI), salmonellosis, Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection(MG), Mycoplasma synoviae infection(MS), Infectious bursal disease(IBD), Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Japanese encephalitis(JE), Porcine parvovirus infection, Encephalomyocarditis and Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS). The results obtained in the 62 ostrich sera slaughtered in Gyeongbuk province were summarized as follows: The average of antibody positive rates to ND, IB, EDS, AI(H9Nl), JE, Porcine parvovirus infection and Encephalomyocarditis by HI test were $75.8\%,\;100\%,\;0\%,\;0\%,\;51.6\%,\;50\%\;and\;56.5\%$ respectively. The antibody positive rates to salmonellosis, MG, MS by plate agglutination test were $12.9\%,\;25.8\%,\;and\;0\%$ respectively. Antibodies to disease agent such as IBD and AI by agar gel precipitation(AGP) test, Brucellosis by tube agglutination, toxoplasmosis by latex agglutination test and PRRS by IFA were all negative.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.463-469
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• 2003

Eight nursery to grower pigs exhibiting weight loss and sudden death were diagnosed as postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) based on the results of gross findings, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, fluorescent antibody test, virus isolation, PCR, serology, and electron microscopy. Groosly, the pigs had a rough hair coats and were severely emaciated. And moot lymph nodes were pale and enlarged. Lungs were not fully collapsed and exhibited 10 to 40% pale red cranioventral consolidation. Histopathologically, typical lymphohistiocytic interstitial to bronchointerstitial pneumonia, chronic lymphadenitis, severe lymphoid depletion, and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions were noted in the most lymphoid tissues. Porcine circovirus panicles were observed in the inguinal lymph node of the pigs by electron microscopy. Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) antigens or viral DNAs were detected in the lesions of all pigs using immunohistochemistry or PCR. Two PCV2 were isolated from a homogenate of pooled lung and lymph node in 2 of the 5 pigs. Additionally, antigens of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Hemophilus (H.) parasuis were also detected by immunofluorescent antibody test. Serologically, 55% of randomly selected sows and fattening pigs was serum antibody positive to PCV2 by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test and approximately 18 % of animals in the herd were serologically pooitive by the ELISA kit for PRRSV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PMWS co-infected with PCV-2, PRRS, and H. parasuis in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 2001

A serological survey was performed to establish basic data for the prevalence of antibodies to some major diseases of domesticated boar serum samples from January to December 2000. Sera collected in breeding farms in Gyeongbuk province were tested for Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV), Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV), Porcine parvovirus(PPV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Bordetella bronchiseptica(B bronchiseptica), Mycoplasma ; APP), Toxoplasma, and Brucella. There was no antibody to ADV in domesticated boars serum samples detected by Anti-ADV-gpI assay kit. Sero-positive samples to PRRS by IFA were 0.9%(3/330) The HI titers to PPV ranged variously from less than 10 to over 1,280. Two hundred ninety-four out of 330 tested sera showed HI titer of less than 10. In HI test to JEV, 90.3% of the sera (298/330) were below 10. The majority of the serum samples had low prevalence of the antibody B bronchiseptica. ELISA titers to M hyopneumoniae ranged variously from $\leq$ 10 to $\geq$ 1,280. Antibody titers to A pleuropneumoniae type 2(APP2) and type 5(APP5) were 58.2% and 52.7%, respectively, and the tested samples showing ELISA antibody titers of less than 20. There was no significant geographical difference between APP2 and APP5 in this study. In the antibody test of Toxoplasma, 11.5%(38/330) were positive and samples were all negative in sera test of Brucella.