• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 1998

In Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, antibodies against strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Kato, Karp and Gilliam, were produced in order to investigate their longevity and cross-reactivities to their corresponding homologous and heterologous antigens. By immunofluorescence assay (IFA) of IgG and IgM, it was shown that the immunity to the homologous strains persisted at a higher level (longevity of at least 34 weeks with higher IFA titers). On the other hand, the immunity to the heterologous strains persisted at a lower level (longevity of 10 to 34 weeks with lower IFA titers). Since infection with one strain of O. tsutsugamushi does not preclude reinfection with other strains, understanding of the antigenic diversity of O. tsutsugamushi and duration of the immunity to both homologous and heterologous strain is very important in diagnosis of scrub typhus.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

Process modeling with activated sludge models (ASMs) is useful for the design and operational improvement of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. Effective utilization of ASMs requires the influent fraction analysis (IFA) of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). However, this is difficult due to the time and cost involved in the design and operation steps, thereby declining the simulation reliability. Harmony Search (HS) algorithm was utilized herein to determine the relationships between composite variables and state variables of the model IWA ASM1. Influent fraction analysis was used in estimating fractions of the state variables of the WWTP influent and its application to 9 wastewater treatment processes in South Korea. The results of influent $S_s$ and $Xs+X_{BH}$, which are the most sensitive variables for design of activated sludge process, are estimated within the error ranges of 8.9-14.2% and 3.8-6.4%, respectively. Utilizing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fraction analysis for influent wastewater, it was possible to predict the concentrations of treated organic matter and nitrogen in 9 full scale BNR processes with high accuracy. In addition, the results of daily influent fraction analysis (D-IFA) method were superior to those of the constant influent fraction analysis (C-IFA) method.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2012

This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence rate of Toxoplasma gondii on 217 stray cats in Daejeon. The positive infection rate of T. gondii was 15.7% in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 12.4% in latex agglutination test (LAT), 14.7% in indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) and 0.5% in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) respectively. In districts, Yuseong-gu was shown the highest seropositive rate of T. gondii as 31.8% in ELISA, 22.7% in LAT and 31.8% in IFA. In gender, the seropositive rate of female cats was slightly higher than that of male cats as 17.2% in ELISA, 15.2% in LAT, 15.2% in IFA and 1.0% in PCR. Cats captured in National science museum, detached house and apartment was shown relatively high prevalence rate of T. gondii.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2009

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus is the etiological agent of diseases characterized by reproductive losses in sows and respiratory disorders in piglets. The PRRS virus is a small enveloped virus containing a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. In the present study, ORF6 gene of Korean PRRS virus isolate, CNV, was cloned and expressed in baculovirus expression system. The ORF6 gene and expressed protein in the recombinant virus were confirmed by PCR/indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test and Western blotting, respectively. The recombinant protein with a molecular weight of approximately 24KDa was confirmed by Western blotting using His6 and PRRS virus-specific antiserum. Expressed ORF6 protein was applied for IFA to detect antibody against PRRS virus using field porcine sera. However, the sensitivity and specificity of developed IFA using expressed ORF6 protein were considerably low compared to those of commercial ELISA kit. This results suggest that IFA using expressed ORF6 protein could not be used as a diagnostic test for PRRS virus infection without further improvements.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.769-776
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• 2015

In this paper, a broadband MIMO antenna using the metal cover that is one of the antenna radiators is designed and implemented on the PCB. The proposed antenna consists of a monopole and an IFA fed by the coupling structure and a metal cover radiator. Therefore, a monopole and an IFA with a metal cover radiator operate simultaneously through a hybrid form of operation. The antenna satisfies VSWR 3:1 at the bands of LTE class 13, class 14, CDMA, GSM900, DCS, PCS, WCDMA, LTE class 40 and WiFi. The maximum ECC of diagonally fed MIMO antenna is 0.186. The measured average gain and efficiency were -5.14~-1.28 dBi and 30.87~74.48 % over the desire bands, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.737-743
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• 2011

In this paper, we designed and implemented a Monopole+IFA(Inverted F Antenna) hybrid antenna using the coupled feeding structure for the all band mobile phone. Studied antenna has wide band characteristics by the simultaneous operation both monopole and IFA under the coupled feeding structure. An antenna has designed PCB embedded type without antenna carrier component for the low in cost. Implemented antenna has within 2.5:1 for VSWR under LTE/CDMA/GSM900/DCS/USPCS/WCDMA/WiBro/WiFi in all band for the mobile services Measured average gains and efficiencies were -3.98~-0.09 dBi and 40.03~97.99 % for the LTE, CDMA, GSM900 band, and -3.90~-1.01 dBi and 40.70~79.31 % for the DCS, USPCS, WCDMA, WiBro, WiFi band. It's shown that studied antenna can be applied to all band mobile phone antenna including LTE.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2007

Objective. The objective of this international comparative study was to investigate the clinical features and outcome of the treatment of infratemporal fossa abscess (IFA). Study design. This retrospective study was conducted at the Deptartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of Hallym University and "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy. Ten-year records of patients were reviewed in Romania and six-year records were reviewed in Korea. The collected data was then analyzed. Results. A total of 36 cases were found to be IFA (12 males and 24 females: average age; $36.3{\pm}15.5$ yrs: 34 cases from Romania and 2 cases from Korea). The annual frequency of IFA in Romanian and Korean hospitals was 3.40 and 0.33 respectively (P<0.001). The etiology was septic anesthesia (33.3%), infection occurring after extraction (30.6%), periapical lesion (13.9%), impacted third molar (8.3%), post-extraction alveolitis (5.6%), and unknown (8.3%). A successful outcome was seen in 27 patients (75.0%) after initial treatment. The main complication after initial treatment was restricted movement of the mouth (9 cases). Conclusion. The etiology of IFA was various and minimal swelling hampered early diagnosis. To prevent IFA, preoperative painting with antiseptic agent must be stressed and proper drainage proved important to relieve pain and to prevent further complications.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.188-194
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• 1987

The development of antibody titers and crossreaction between Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma were investigated by means of IF A test and ELISA in pigs experimentally infected with $1.5{\times}10^6$ S. suicanis sporocysts and 10,000 T. gondii oocysts, respectively. The intact and soluble Sarcocystis antigens were prepared from the bradyzoites harvested by peptic digestion of infected pork. The intact and soluble Toxoplasma antigens were prepared from the tachyzoites in mouse peritoneal cavity. IgG antibodies in pigs infected with Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma, respectively were detected first at 2 weeks post infection on both IF A test and ELISA. The antibody titer to Toxoplasma reached its maximum at 6 weeks post infection and decreased thereafter. The antibody titer to Sarcocystis reached its maximum terminally. The cross-reaction titer in pigs infected with Toxoplasma against Sarcocystis antigen was up to 1 : 16 in IFA test and up to 1 : 32 in ELISA. The titer in control group was below 1 : 4 in both reactions.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 2022

Background: The risk observatory (RO) of the German Social Accident Insurance (DGUV) provides strategic support to the German Social Accident Insurance Institutions (GSAII) in proactive prevention. It does so by identifying future challenges and opportunities for occupational safety and health (OSH) resulting from new trends and developments that affect employees as well as children in elementary education, pupils, and students. Methods: The core of the RO is an online survey that relies on a pool of new trends and developments identified via internet and literature research. 865 prevention experts of the GSAII and the DGUV participated in the survey. They rated trends and developments regarding their sector-specific risks and opportunities for OSH in the 5 years to come. Results: Sector-specific and over-all results show that besides well-known OSH risks such as musculoskeletal stress and noise, developments relevant for OSH come to the fore that do not have their origin in work itself, but are strongly influenced by political, social, economic, environmental, or technical developments that accident insurance can only peripherally influence. Shortage of skilled staff was identified as a threat to OSH in almost all sectors. Conclusions: Prevention must find ways to address repercussions of such OSH risks. Cooperation and political awareness are therefore gaining in importance. Also, implementing a prevention culture in society and strengthening individuals' health and safety literacy, e.g., by target-group-specific communication and sensitization, as well as early safety and health education, help to counteract those OSH risks.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.269-273
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• 2002

Dengue fever (DF) is an acute febrile illness caused by dengue viruses in the family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus. DF has so far posed any problem in Korea, however it has been recently believed to be associated with oversea's traveler infected with dengue virus. Antibody titers of sera from DF patients against dengue virus were measured by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), including the haematologic test. Three of patients with DF showed highly fluorescent and neutralizing antibody titers by IFA and PRNT assay. Two of them showed higher, remarkably. Meanwhile, one of them was tested and resulted in severe tirombocytopenia, elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities as well as mild leucopenia, increased monocytes and basophils and depressed lymphocytes in haematological differential count.