• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.322-332
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was done to identify types of subjective perception of their disease by adolescents who have insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in order to better understand these adolescents and to determine effective nursing interventions. Method: Q-methodology was used in this study. The 36 Q-statements were selected through a literature review and in-depth interviews with participants. Data were collected from a 33 P-sample by sorting the 36 Q-statements into a 9 point standard. The data were analyzed using the PC QUANL program. Results: Five types of perception were identified: Type 1 being a recipient and having a will to cope with the disease, Type 2, seeking support from others, Type 3, emotional and negative coping, Type 4, pursuing own beliefs but with conflict at the same time, and Type 5 feeling under heavy pressure as their condition made them feel insecure, and they felt sorry to their families. Conclusion: The findings of the study are expected to contribute to improving clinical practices by helping nurses have a broader understanding of adolescents with IDDM, and exploring ideal nursing interventions.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2003

Tectorigenin has an apoptosis-inducing ability and immunosuppressive activity. We investigated the effect of tectorigenin on Phase I and II enzyme activities to elucidate the pharmacological action of the immunosuppressive tectorigenin in the diabetic rat. This compound was obtained from the hydrolysis of tetoridin isolated from the flower of Pueraria thumbergiana (Leguminosae). This crude drug (Puerariae Flos) has been used as a therapeutic for diabetes mellitus in traditional Korean medicine. Tecotrigenin inhibited the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxy radicals in serum and liver but promoted superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Low MDA contents and low xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase activities were observed in the tectorigenin-treated rats, suggesting that such Phase I enzyme activities are the major source of lipid peroxidation. However, tectorigenin increased Phase II enzyme activities such as SOD, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, suggesting the activation of free radical-scavenging enzymes. The activities of tectorigenin were comparable to those of glibenclamide, which was employed as a positive control. These results suggest that tectorigenin may share some biological properties with glibenclamide in insulin-dependent-diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.234-250
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• 2024

Background The impact of diabetes on complication rates following free flap (FF), pedicled flap (PF), and amputation (AMP) procedures on the lower extremity (LE) is examined. Methods Patients who underwent LE PF, FF, and AMP procedures were identified from the 2010 to 2020 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP®) database using Current Procedural Terminology and International Classification of Diseases-9/10 codes, excluding cases for non-LE pathologies. The cohort was divided into diabetics and nondiabetics. Univariate and adjusted multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results Among 38,998 patients undergoing LE procedures, 58% were diabetic. Among diabetics, 95% underwent AMP, 5% underwent PF, and <1% underwent FF. Across all procedure types, noninsulin-dependent (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were associated with significantly greater all-cause complication rates compared with absence of diabetes, and IDDM was generally higher risk than NIDDM. Among diabetics, complication rates were not significantly different across procedure types (IDDM: p = 0.5969; NIDDM: p = 0.1902). On adjusted subgroup analysis by diabetic status, flap procedures were not associated with higher odds of complications compared with amputation for IDDM and NIDDM patients. Length of stay > 30 days was statistically associated with IDDM, particularly those undergoing FF (AMP: 5%, PF: 7%, FF: 14%, p = 0.0004). Conclusion Our study highlights the importance of preoperative diabetic optimization prior to LE procedures. For diabetic patients, there were few significant differences in complication rates across procedure type, suggesting that diabetic patients are not at higher risk of complications when attempting limb salvage instead of amputation.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 1986

The HLA class II region encodes a series of polymorphic glycoproteins that form cell surface heterodimers each consisting of one $\alpha$ and one $\beta$ chain. Thess class II molecules are encoded by genes clustered within three loci. DP, DQ, and DR are functfonally implicated as regulatory signals in intercellular communication during the immune resposes. The phenotypic hallmark of the HLA complex is a high degree of structural and functional polymorphism. Detailed analysis. of such polymorphisms should aid in understanding the molecular basis for associations between HLA and diseases. We have used techniques of restriction enzyme fragment analysis by Southern blotting to investigate polymorphisms associated with DQ $\beta$ class II genes on haplotypes expressing the HLA-DR4 and -DQw3 specificities. The endonucleases Hind III and Bam HI were used to identify a specific DQ $\beta$ genomic polymorphism that precisely corrresponds with the reactivity of a monoclonal antibody A-10-83, previously shown to define a serologic split of DQw3. This study identifies two allelic DQ va. riants. DQw3.1 and DQw3.2. We used these specific genotypic markers to investigate the genomic basis of the association of DR4 with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) and seropositive juvenile rheumatoid arthritis(JRA). The DR4 positive IDDM demonstrate the predominant expression of DQw3.2 and the very rare expression of DQw3.l. However, in haplotype matched siblings from two IDDM families, all of the DR4 positive siblings display a IDDM-associated DQw3.2 allele. Thus, both affected and healthy individuals can carry the same haplotypes and genomic markers, demonstrating that thess specific allelic variants are genetic elements that indicate a increased risk of IDDM but are not in fact disease specific. We contrasted this result with a similar analysis of patients with another DR4-associated disease, JRA. In contrast to the preponderance of the DQw3.2 allele in IDDM, the JRA patients expressed either the DQw3.1 or the DQw3.2 allele and sometimes both, without apparent association with disease expession. The different genomic markers reported here within HLA-DQ region potentially an analysis of HLA-associated function and disease susceptibility.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.437-447
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• 1999

Type I diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) results from the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic $\beta$ cells by a progressive $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmune process. The pathogenesis of autoimmune IDDM has been extensively studied for the past two decades using animal models such as the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and the Bio-Breeding (BB) rat. However, the initial events that trigger the immune responses leading to the selective destruction of the $\beta$ cells are poorly understood. It is thought that $\beta$ cell auto-antigens are involved in the triggering of $\beta$ cell-specific autoimmunity. Among a dozen putative $\beta$ cell autoantigens, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) has bee proposed as perhaps the strongest candidate in both humans and the NOD mouse. In the NOD mouse, GAD, as compared with other $\beta$ cell autoantigens, provokes the earliest T cell proliferative response. The suppression of GAD expression in the $\beta$ cells results in the prevention of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, the major populations of cells infiltrating the iselts during the early stage of insulitis in BB rats and NOD mice are macrophages and dendritic cells. The inactivation of macrophages in NOD mice results in the prevention of T cell mediated autoimmune diabetes. Macrophages are primary contributors to the creation of the immune environment conducive to the development and activation of $\beta$cell-specific Th1-type CD4+ T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells that cause autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are both believed to be important for the destruction of $\beta$ cells. These cells, as final effectors, can kill the insulin-producing $\beta$ cells by the induction of apoptosis. In addition, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells release granzyme and cytolysin (perforin), which are also toxic to $\beta$ cells. In this way, macrophages, CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells act synergistically to kill the $\beta$ cells in conjunction with $\beta$ cell autoantigens and MHC class I and II antigens, resulting in the onset of autoimmune type I diabetes.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 1999

A simple and rapid FoLT(formamide low temperature)-PCR, whereby human genomic DNA from blood can be amplified without DNA preparative stps, is described using human insulin genes. By applicatin of FoLT-PCR in human insulin genes, intragenic polymorphism in non-coding regions of the human insulin gene was shown after amplification and analysis by restriction enzyme digestion. All nucleotide sequences were the same as the reported, and four necleotides, at 4 different positions were polymorphic, and polymorphic alleles ${\alpha}4$, ${\alpha}5$, ${\alpha}6$, and ${\beta}2$ were identified. The new alleles were originated from homologous recombination between the ${\alpha}1$ and ${\beta}1$ alleles, and the alleles were founded in heterozygotes only. Although allele ${\alpha}1$ was dominant, the new alleles and ${\beta}1$ were recessive. From the results, it was suggested that the new method of FoLT-PCR was highly applicable in genetic variation analysis.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-92
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• 1998

This study is to define the caring experience of mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus children, by finding core category, contextual factors, ntervening factors, and the patterns of caring, and to velop a practice theory on it. Research method followed grounded theory methodology by Strauss & Corbin. Subjects were six mothers. whose children have had insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for 4 months to 14 years by the interview time. They were selected by theoretical sampling. Data were collected from September, 1995 to January, 1996. Interview were done by long interview technique and observation. Each interview took 50 minutes to 2 hours. Content of interview was recorded and transcribed later. Based on the results of previous interview, content of next interview was planned until data reached to the saturation point. Results were as follows : One hundred and forty concepts were found. These concepts were grouped into thirty-three categories, and then to ten categories. Mothers with diabetic child were revealed to face “being overwhelmed by burden”. Overwhelming by burden is found to be progressed through the cycle production-coping-decrease or in crease process. Mothers showed four patterns of adaptation in caring the diabetic children. 1) If mothers felt large amount of overwhelming by burden because of difficulty of caring and unsympathizing but they had sufficient support, no condition of the child, and their coping mechanism was positive, most of them overcome with strong will, but some fell into burnout. 2) If mothers felt large amount of overwhelming by burden because of difficulty of caring, unsympathizing, insufficient support. serious condition of the child, and their coping mechanism was negative, they fell into burnout by coping with feeling. 3) If mothers felt small amount of overwhelming by burden because of little difficulty of caring and sympathizing, sufficient support. no serious condition of the child, but their coping was negative, most of them fell into burnout by coping with feeling, but some overcome. 4) If mothers felt small amount of overwhelming by burden because of little difficulty of caring and unsympathizing, sufficient support, no serious condition of the child, and their coping was positive, they overcome with strong will. On the basis of the above result, in order to help mothers take good care of their children, nursing assesment and intervention on life readjustment, and getting support should be required. Especially, through understanding mothers' personalities, individual support consistent with each of them should be required. Therefore education. counseling, mutual support and exchange of information will have to be accomplished.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2003

Insulin-dependent or Type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been associated with an increased severity of periodontal disease. Since periodontal ligament (PDL) cells play a significant role in maintenance and regeneration of mineralized tissue, the success of procedures, such as guided tissue regeneration, is directly related to the ability of these cells to augment mineralized tissue. In this study, we investigated the time- and dose-dependent effect of high glucose on the proliferation and collagen synthesis of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. PDL cells were treated with high glucose (22mM, 33mM, 44mM) for 1 or 2 days. High glucose significantly inhibited proliferation of PDL cells as a time- and dose-dependent manner as evidenced by MTT assay. PDL cells were cultured in high glucose media (22mM, 33mM, 44mM) for 24 h. The ratio of collagen content to total protein was evaluated, and the gene expression of type I collagen was assessed by RT - PCR. The high concentration of glucose inhibited collagen synthesis, a marker of bone formation activity. This study indicated high glucose concentration could alter the metabolism of periodontal ligament cell, leading to alveolar bone destruction.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2002

Alteration in the syntesis or enhanced inactivation of nitric oxide(NO) can induce impairment of endothelial cell function. Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(IDDM) is characterized by impaired endothelial function and vascular disease. NO is produced through L-arginine pathway To elucidate the hypothesis that the decreased production on NO in IDDM reflects vascular damage and the NO production can be manipulated by either dietary fat(7% of kg diet) or the oral supplementation with L-arginine(2g/kg bw), plasma markers for vascular endothelial damage and plasma lipid profiles were measured in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Diabetic or normal Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 6 different experimental diets for 4 weeks(SO : soybean oil, SOA: soybean oil + L-arginine supplementation, BT : beef tallow, BTA_ beef tallow + L-arginine supplementation, OV olive oil, OVA : olive oil + L-arginine supplementation). Plasma glucose, total cholesterel, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride were measured. Endothelial markers, plasma von Willebrand factor(vWf), thromboxane B$_2$, and 6-keto PGF1$\alpha$ of aorta were measured by ELISA. Plasma NO production was evaluated through the measurement of nitrite by EIA. Feeding saturated fatty acid(SFA, BT) increased relative liver size(RLS) in diabetic rats compared to either polyunsatunted fatty acid(PUFA, SO) or monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA, OV) The supplementation of L-arginine inhibited the liver and kidney enlargement in olive oil find diabetic rats. Plasma glucose was lower in diabetic animal find the olive oil compared to fed beef tallow and the supplementation L-arginine decreased it in diabetic rats find beef tallow significantly(p < 0.05). Plasma TXB$_2$ levels were increased due to diabetes and the value of beef tallow group showed highest value. Plasma vWf concentration of beef tallow group was higher value in normal rats and was elevated more in diabetes. In diabetic groups, the vWf concentration of olive oil group was lower than beef tallow or soybean oil group. The supplementation of L-arginine in diabetic rats decreased plasma TXB$_2$ and vWf levels significantly(p < 0.05). NO production was higher in normal olive oil fed rats and was tend to be decreased in diabetic rats and the supplementation of L-arginine recovered to normal value(p < 0.05), Olive oil supplemented with L-arginine tended to lower plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol after 4 week treatment. These results suggest that generalized vascular endothelial changes based on plasma TXB$_2$and vWf occurs in diabetic rats. and olive oil with L-arginine supplementation contributes to a better control of the hyperglycemia, endothelial changes and hypercholesterolemia accompanying diabetes as compared with beef tallow or soy bean oil in this rat model.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.288-297
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• 2009

Objective : Inflammatory cytokines have a close relationship to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The inhibitory effect of Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma (SGR) were examined on production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ $(PGE_2)$, synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and NF-${\kappa}$B activation in Raw 264.7 cells. Methods: Raw 264.7 cells were pretreated with SGR(20, 50, 100 ${\mu}g$/ml), and then cultured with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Cell viability was measured by MTT assay; inhibition of NO, $PGE_2$, and TNF-${\alpha}$ production were measured by Griess reagent and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). Induction of COX-2 and iNOS were determined by western blotting analysis. Inhibition of NF-${\kappa}$B was measured by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Results: SGR inactivated NF-${\kappa}$B, and inhibited the production of NO, iNOS, and $PGE_2$. Inhibition of COX-2 and TNF-${\alpha}$ could not be confirmed. Conclusions: From the above result. SGR was found to have an anti-inflammatory effect of inhibition of NO, iNOS, and $PGE_2$ production via inhibition of NF-${\kappa}$B.