• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine reliability and validity of the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke Patients (PASS) in chronic stroke patients. Methods: A total of 43 stroke patients, who had a stroke more than 6 months previously, participated in the study. Reliability was determined by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC$_{3,1}$), Bland and Altman method and Cronbach's alpha by internal consistency. Validity was examined by correlation the PASS scores to the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Trunk Control Test (TCT), and Fugl-Meyer Balance (FM-B) score. Results: The intra-rater reliability and the Absolute reliability of the PASS was good ICC$_{3,1}$=0.97 (95%CI 0.95$\sim$0.99) and excellent SEM=1.01 respectively. Cronbach's alpha value for PASS was found to be 0.94. There were significant correlations between the PASS and BBS, TCT, FM-B (r=0.65－0.96, p<0.01). Conclusion: The PASS provide reliable and valid instrument of the postural control assessment for chronic stroke patients.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.438-441
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• 2009

Mg-Cu composites were successively fabricated using a combination of rapid solidification and extrusion processes. In addition, the microstructural variation of the composite was investigated by performing the extrusion repeatedly. It resulted that the composite formed an uniform and dense structure by the extrusion, and the microstructure became fine as the extrusion conducted repeatedly. The microstructural variation was known to be dependent on the number of extrusion and the area reduction ratio. The tensile strength was also measured as a function of the microstructural variation.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제45권
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• pp.33-50
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• 2010

The Incoterms, short for "International Commercial Terms," have been widely used as International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms since 1936. The Incoterms have been revised six times in order to adapt them to contemporary commercial practice. The current version is Incoterms 2000. The revised version of Incoterms 2000 will be published in the fourth quarter of 2010 and will be effective from January 1st 2010. The first and second draft of Incoterms 2010 have been carried out by a small global Drafting Group, representing seven nationalities and various areas of substantive expertise. In this paper, I reviewed the main contents in the 2nd Draft of Incoterms 2010. This paper contributes to help the parties concerned to understand the new changes from Incoterms 2000 and to choose the appropriate trade term.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제43권
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• pp.53-74
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• 2009

INCOTERMS have been changed almost every 10 years since ICC established INCOTERMS as trade terms for International transaction. Recently transportation has become bigger, and modernized by means of electronic appliances such as RFID, IT, and containerization. FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA were added in INCOTERMS1980 and every conditions are unified into three alphabets in INCOTERMS1990. The best features of INCOTERMS2000 are that FCA substitute FRC, FOR/FOT, FOA and customs formalities were simplified to make clear for each party of contract. It seems that business circles still stick to old customs of their trade like FOB or CIF not only in Korea but in an international practice even though there have been several revisions of INCOTERMS until now. ICC have tried to provide INCOTERMS3000 to solve problems between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. This study has tried to suggest opinions against INCOTERMS3000 and has surveyed a recognition, an actual using situation and issues of INCOTERMS to get improvements. For a recognition of INCOTERMS has been spread as you can find at tables many kinds of business circles still stick to old customs of their trade terms FOB and CIF. Now there are two alternative plans. Firstly, we need to suggest improvements against inconsistency of INCOTERMS to be applied on newly revised INCOTERMS3000 and educating business circles to use proper conditions of INCOTERMS for their doing business. Secondly, we shall participate in revising INCOTERMS to activate multimodal transport conditions of INCOTERMS and provide solutions to fill gap between a theory and an actual condition of international trade. It seems that terms of multimodal transport such as FCA, CPT, or CIP can be a perfect condition for each party of contract. We have examined the inconsistent features of Ship's rail and notions of on board, and observed how to activate multimodal transport terms. These would be hot issues of next revision of INCOTERMS and we provided improvements on each trade terms, THC charges, or others against INCOTERMS.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2009

The color reproduction of digital still camera does not, in general, match those of the final output device. Because color gamut of these devices is different, it is therefore necessary to take account of a way to match. The way uses the optimized profile to output device an image. This paper proposed a way to create the input profile of digital still camera for standardization soft proofing process. The results of proposed way showed that for input profiles equivalent, good results relatively. In this paper, an experiment was done where the illumination sources used as the standard illumination 5200K and illuminated at a $45^{\circ}$ angle in the best illumination efficiently. The white balance was in mode 'custom' : aperture F11, exposure time 1/60s, ISO50, focal length 80mm. The images were exported and saved as 16bit RGB TIFF(AdobeRGB, sRGB, ProphotoRGB) images. To do the test, the RGB values of the RGB TIFF images are processed through the ICC input profile to arrive at processed $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ values. A profiling tool such as ProfileMaker 5.0 and Monacoprofile 4.8 are used to do this. The processed $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ values are compared to the reference $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ values and these two values are used to calculate a ${\Delta}E{^*}_{ab}$.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.24-30
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in assessing Korean patients with low back pain. We performed translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire and enrolled 52 patients (18 males and 34 females) with low back pain. The subjects completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire that included the FABQ assessment along with evaluations for the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and Beck depression inventory-Korean version (K-BDI). The reliability of the obtained data was determined by evaluating the internal consistency on the basis of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Cronbach's alpha values, while the validity of the data was examined by correlating the FABQ scores to the VAS, ODI, SAS, and K-BDI scores. The translated versions of the FABQ showed good test-retest reliability: ICC (3, 1)=.90 (FABQ for physical activity) and .97 (FABQ for work) these values were statistically significant (p<.01). The Cronbach's alpha value for FABQ was .90 (p<.01). FABQ moderately correlated with pain, disability, anxiety, and depression (p<.01). The results of this study indicate that the Korean version of the FABQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring fear-avoidance beliefs in Korean patients with low back pain.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2009

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to determine the intertester and intratester reliabilities of the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST) method, and to examine if significant differences existed in scapular positions among the pain groups (right-shoulder pain group, left-shoulder, pain group and both-shoulders pain group). 27 female subjects (mean age = 51.6, mean height = 157.7 cm, mean weight = 57.5 kg) with shoulder pain were recruited for this study. Methods: The bilateral distances between the root of the scapular spine and T3/4 (RSS), and between the inferior scapular angle and T7/8 (IA), were recorded. Subjects were tested at three positions: the with arms with abducted at 0, 45 and 90 degrees in the coronal plane. The LSST measurements were performed by two testers, selected randomly. Results: The results were as follows: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for the intertester reliability were excellent (ICC 0.78-0.94). And the ICCs for the intratester reliability were excellent (ICC 0.83-0.99). In the right-shoulder and both-shoulders pain groups, the right-side RSS and IA values of right side were significantly greater than of the left-side RSS values left side for the arms abducted at 0 degrees of right shoulder pain group and both shoulder pain group (p<.05). However, the side-to-side difference was less than 1.5 cm. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the LSST is highly reliable in identifying the abnormal scapular position of patients with shoulder problems. Future research should be continued to clarify the clinical usefulness of this method.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제43권6호
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• pp.535-542
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• 2010

Objectives: Exposure assessment is a major challenge faced by studies that evaluate the association between pesticide exposure and adverse health outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate the reliability of information that farmers self-report regarding their pesticide use. Methods: Twenty five items based upon existing questionnaires were designed to focus on pesticide exposure. In 2009, a selfadministrated survey was conducted on two occasions four weeks apart among 205 farmers residing in Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces. For a reliability measure, we calculated the percentage agreement, the kappa statistics and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the two reports according to the characteristics of the subjects. Results: Agreement for ever-never use of any pesticide was 96.4% (kappa 0.61). For both 'years used' and 'age at the first use' of overall pesticides, high agreement was obtained (ICC: 0.88 and, 0.78, respectively), whereas those of 'days used' and 'hours used' were relatively low (ICC: 0.42 and, 0.66, respectively). The kappa value for the use of personal protective equipment ranged from 0.46 to 0.59, and hygiene activities came out at 0.19 to 0.37. The agreement for individual pesticide use ranged widely and there was relatively low agreement due to the low response rates. The reliability scores did not significantly vary according to gender, age, the education level, the types of crop or the years of farming. Conclusions: Our results support that carefully designed, self-reported information on ever-never pesticide use among farmers is reliable. However, the reliability of data on individual pesticide exposure may be unstable due to low response rates and needs to be refined.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.29-47
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• 2009

Generally, if RGB image is sent to the printer when we print a digital photograph, the printer will convert RGB to CMYK by the inner built-in drive. Because the difference between color domain of RGB and CMYK will cause that change and difference. The most common way to solve the problem is to convert colors by using ICC profile at RIP software or to adapt automatic color converting from the software of the original printer. So we intended to study show which way is most efficient to the digital output and which color mode device is the best based on the printer's own drive in this paper. we tried to observe and check the extended range of color space such as AdobeRGB as well as CMYK and sRGB. Then we made sure which is the suitable color space. Besides, When we convert RGB mode into CMYK mode by utilizing RIP software and adapt the printer's ICC profile made by our selves, we evaluated the output we get and compared the result with extended RGB image. The results are as follows. In case of RGB mode, the printer requests RGB, and that makes the color space more efficient than CMYK's. Converted to CMYK by utilizing RIP software, the chroma is more linearized than the one produced with its' own driver. Compared with sRGB mode's color gamut, AdobeRGB mode's color gamut and CMYK mode's color, CMYK mode's color gamut is the smallest among 3 of them. CMYK mode's color gamut by utilizing RIP software can be changeable. that can be small and narrow or wide and broad. In other words, the volume of color gamut depends on how CMYK is linearized. The color space of sRGB is more advantageous than the one of AdobeRGB in color-reproduction printed. But in the group $-b^*$, the chroma leaves behind in terms of reproduction, In the group of $-a^*$, the chroma is excellent relatively. Visual evaluation of the image, AdobeRGB image has not many reproduction colors. Specially, according to printers' characteristics, Group B of AdobeRGB and sRGB color space is a long way behind In terms of reproduction but Group Y is excellent relatively.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.119-127
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• 2009

버스의 정시성은 노선특성 및 운수회사의 특성에 의해 많은 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 왔으나, 과학적인 분석이 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 노선 및 운수회사 특성에 따른 정시성(차두간격편차 요인)을 모형화 하기 위하여 상관분석 및 선형회귀분석(OLS, Ordinary Least Square)을 통하여 최적설명변수를 선택하고, 위계적인 자료구조를 고려하여 위계적 형태의 자료분석에 많이 사용되는 위계적선형모형(HLM, Hierarchical Linear Model)을 적용하여 정시성에 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석결과, ICC가 0.10으로 분석되어 정시성에 미치는 영향 중 노선특성에 의한 영향이 90%, 회사특성에 의한 영향이 10%로 나타나 OLS보다 HLM 적용이 더 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 버스의 정시성은 노선변수 수준에서 운행대수, 평균차두간격, 대당승객수 순으로 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났으며, 운행대수가 많고 대당승객수가 많은 노선은 정시성과 반비례하고, 평균차두간격과는 비례관계로 분석되었다. 회사변수 수준에서는 회사규모(관리대수)가 클수록, 일반회사 보다는 입찰간선회사가 정시성에 양(+)의 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 정시성 평가관리시 노선별 운행대수, 평균차두간격, 운수사별 관리차량대수에 의한 영향을 고려하는 것이 필요하며, 정시성을 향상시키기 위해서는 노선의 연장을 짧고, 운수사의 규모가 클 수록 유리하다 할 수 있다.