• Mycobiology
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.28-30
• /
• 2009

This study was aimed at evaluating the growth promoting effect of symbiotic algal polyol (ribitol) and plant hormones on the lichen-forming fungi (LFF), Ramalina farinacea (CH050010 and 40403) and Ramalina fastigiata. The addition of ribitol to basal (malt-yeast extract) medium enhanced the relative growth rates of all three LFF. R. farinacea (CH050010), R. farinacea (40403) and R. fastigiata (H06127) showed 35.3%, 29.0% and 29.3% higher growth rates, respectively, compared to the control. IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and TIBA (2,3,5-tridobenzoic acid) also increased growth rates of the LFF by 34 to 64% and 7 to 28%, respectively, compared to the control. The combination of ribitol with IBA or TIBA synergistically increased the growth of all LFF. For example, ribitol and IBA treatments increased growth rates of R. farinacea (CH050010), R. farinacea (40403) and R. fastigiata (H06127) by 79.4%, 40.3% and 72.8% in, respectively, compared to those grown on the basal medium. The stimulating effect of ribitol and IBA on the LFF growth induced vertical development of the fungal mass in culture. We suggest that lichen-forming fungal growth of Ramalina lichens can be stimulated aposymbiotically by supplementing polyols and plant hormones to the basal medium in the mass production of lichen secondary metabolites under large scale culture conditions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.24 no.6
• /
• pp.335-340
• /
• 1997

100% root formation in in vitro cultures was observed regardless of kind and levels of auxin used and explant source. The number of roots/explant was increased in 0.5~1.0 mg/L IAA treatment. Thicker roots were observed with the addition of 9% sucrose compared with medium containing lower sucrose concentrations. Paclobutrazol and chlormequat had no effect on tuberization of formed roots but slightly increased the number of root. In in vivo rooting, soaking of regenerated shoot cuttings to 100 mg/L IBA for 15 to 60 minutes was found effective. Treatment of 0.1% IBA rooting powder and planting in rooting medium composred of vermiculite(1) : perlite(1) gave 100% rooting and survival.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.504-508
• /
• 1983

To define the effects of synthetic auxins on rooting from the ginseng stern cutting and the root growth in diameter after the rooting of the cuttings, stern cuttings with palmate leaves obtained from seedlings and 2-year old ginseng plants were planted in rooting media treated with solutions of the synthetic auxins. All the roots induced from the cuttings were adventitious fibrous roots at first, but a few adventitious roots of the cutting were thickened in diameter to over 2 to 3mm at 120 days after cutting and the rest of them disappeared. IBA was the most effective auxin for rooting and root growth in diameter after rooting from the cuttings. The shape of the roots that thickened in diameter could be divided into two types. Both types of thickened roots were fully lignified at 120 days after cutting and those thickened roots did not dry up or die by July of the next year, however no rhyzomes or shoot primodia were induced from them.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.427-431
• /
• 2006

In vitro high-frequency plant regeneration of Muscari comosum var. plumosum through somatic embryogenesis was obtained via two developmental pathways: direct embryos and multiple shoots regenerated from embryogenic callus. Flower bud with pedicel, receptacle, petal and ovary wall, floral stalk and leaf as explants were cultured in MS medium supplemented with various plant growth regulators. Embryos formed directly from pedicel, receptacle and floral stalk. Depending on explant sources, the optimal medium was MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/L IBA and 0.3 mg/L BA, 3.0 mg/L IBA and 3.0 mg/L BA, and MS-free medium for pedicel, receptacle, and floral stalk, respectively. Multiple shoots regenerated from embryogenic cal]i which was initiated from petal, ovary and leaf were observed in MS medium with different concentrations and combinations of hormone. The most suitable medium for each type of explant was 3.0 mg/L IBA and 3.0 mg/L BA(petal and ovary) and 5.0 mg/L IBA and 5.0 mg/L BA (leaf) Furthermore, the combination of 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/L BA was also good for all sources of explants not only for direct embryo formation, but also, for embryogenic callus induction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.199-204
• /
• 1999

Cotyledon explants of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), a perennial medicinal plant, produced direct somatic embryos at a high frequency on MS medium without growth regulators. Cytokinin highly suppressed the somatic embryogenesis but stimulated direct fomlation of adventitious buds. BAP was more effective than kinetin for the formation of adventitious bud. IBA combination with cytokinin enhanced the frequency of adventitious bud formation. The highest frequency of adventitious bud formation were $40\%$ at 0.05 mg/l IBA and 5 mg/l BAP. Adventitious buds were mainly formed near the distal portion of cotyledon, while somatic embryos were only formed near the proximal portion of cotyledon. Adventitious buds were covered with sheath similar to axillary buds in the zygotic embryos, and then leaf-like epicotyls were developed.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2015

The activation of glial cells in the spinal cord has been contribute to the initiation and maintenance of pain facilitation induced by peripheral inflammation and nerve injury. The present study investigated effects of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), injected subcutaneously or intracisternally, on the expression of microglia and astrocytes in rats. Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation was employed as an orofacial chronic inflammatory pain model. A subcutaneous injection of $40{\mu}L$ CFA into the vibrissa pad was performed under 3% isoflurane anesthesia in SD rats. Immunohistochemical analysis for changes in Iba1 (a microglia marker) and GFAP (an astrocyte marker), were performed 5 days after CFA injection. Subcutaneous injection of CFA produced increases in Iba1 and GFAP expression, in the ipsilateral superficial lamia I and II in the medullary dorsal horn of rats. Subcutaneous treatment with BoNT-A attenuated the up-regulation of Iba1 and GFAP expressions induced by CFA injection. Moreover, intracisternal injection of BoNT-A also attenuated the up-regulated Iba1 and GFAP expressions. These results suggest that the anti-nociceptive action of BoNT-A is mediated by modulation activation of glial cells, including microglia and astrocyte.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.96 no.2
• /
• pp.178-182
• /
• 2007

Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz is a medicinal plant and an endangered tropical rainforest plant species. Since the field cultivation that aims to fulfill the industrial needs is never accomplished, tissue culture appears to be the most feasible way to improve the quality and quantity of R. serpentina. This experiment used two kinds of explants (roots and shoots) to induce optimal root formation in different combinations of auxin and photoperiod. Each explants exhibited different responses on given treatments. Differentiated root could be produced from explants cultured in IBA 20 mg/L with and without light. The highest number of roots, root length and root weight induced from shoot explants were effective on MS medium containing IBA 20 mg/L and incubated under dark condition, while highest total weight (callus and root) from root explants cultured on MS medium supplemented 10 mg/L IBA and 10 mg/L NAA and incubated under day length (11/13 hr). The root induced from shoot explants produced the highest major alkaloid content. The highest content of ajmaline (2.17 ppm fresh weight) and reserpine (1.30 ppm fresh weight) were observed in shoot explants cultured in MS medium containing combination of IBA 10 mg/L and NAA 10 mg/L and incubated under dark condition, yohimbine (1.47 ppm fresh weight) was in the shoot explants cultured in MS medium containing NAA 20 mg/L and incubated under day length, while serpentine was absent.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.54-61
• /
• 2021

This work describe an efficient method for the shoot induction and plant regeneration of seedling-derived apical bud explants of Tilia mandshurica Rupr. & Maxim. The highest rate of shoot induction (82.2%) was obtained when apical bud explants from juvenile seedlings (5 months old) were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 1.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). However, apical bud explants obtained from mature trees (12 years old) did not produce any shoots, even with BAP supplementation. Among the three cytokinins tested for shoot multiplication (BAP, zeatin, and kinetin), BAP was the most effective; the highest number of shoots per explant (2.1) was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP. In contrast, the longest average shoot length (3.0 cm) was observed after growth on MS medium with 2.0 mg/L zeatin. No multiplication occurred when apical bud explants were cultured with kinetin-supplemented media. During rooting of in vitro-elongated shoots, the highest rooting rate (100%) was observed in half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or 3.0 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). During the acclimatization process, plantlets that were rooted on the IBA (0.5 mg/L)-supplemented medium had the highest survival rate (100%) and maximum root length (18.5 cm). These findings suggest that a low concentration (0.5 mg/L) of IBA is appropriate for the rooting and acclimatization of T. mandshurica. Plants were successfully transferred to the greenhouse with a 100% survival rate. This protocol will be useful for the large-scale propagation of Tilia species.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.95-103
• /
• 2022

This study aimed to find the mediating impact of entrepreneurial education during COVID-19 on entrepreneurial intention among university students from major cities of Pakistan. Majority of businesses shifted to online from offline mode as a result of COVID-19 pandemic. This created a great opportunity for university students to become entrepreneurs without much investment during COVID-19. Primary data for this study was collected with the help of an adopted questionnaire from previous studies. An online survey was considered appropriate due to the COVID-19 situation in the country. The number of data samples collected from the major cities of Pakistan was 460. The research hypothesis was tested with the help of SmartPLS by using least square structural equation modeling. Findings revealed there is full mediation of entrepreneurial education during COVID-19 between the self-efficacy, subjective norms, and attitude towards entrepreneurship for entrepreneurial intention during COVID-19 among university students. Therefore, the research confirmed the application of the theory of planned behavior among university students in Pakistan with regards to factors such as self-efficacy, subjective norms, attitude towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. The present study also concludes that all students regardless of their area of study such as Business and Engineering look forward to become entrepreneurs during COVID-19. The students opting for entrepreneurship had either formal or informal entrepreneurial education during COVID-19.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.252-256
• /
• 2008

We investigated phase separation by adding different concentrations of MTBE, to the mixtures of naphtha, ethanol and water. The phase separation temperatures of the Naphtha-Ethanol-Water solutions have dropped when the concentration of MTBE increases more. When adding IPA and IBA to the solutions of Gasoline-Ethanol and Gasoline base-Ethanol individually, IBA shows lower temperatures of phase separation than IPA, and it shows synergistic effect when mixtures of IPA and IBA is applied.