• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.50
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• pp.89-120
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• 2013

The concept of virtue seems to be one of the rare cases where the European and the Chinese traditions coincide. The meaning of the Latin word virtus and of Greek $aret{\acute{e}}$ seems to be similar to the Chinese $d{\acute{e}}$德. Most striking in virtue is that it is a capacity for self-realisation through action which is unique to man. On the other hand, there is something physical about it. It is the strength to do something. This strength overcomes the resistance of what is naturally given, it transforms the world, turns the natural world into a human one. In the Chinese tradition, $d{\acute{e}}$ 德, i.e. virtue, is therefore always connected with $da{\grave{o}}$ 道, the totality of natural forces. In the Chinese tradition, as opposed to the European one, virtue is itself considered to be a natural force that is present in man. This force sustains man's connectedness, unity and harmony with the surrounding world. Things exist through the unity of principle理 and ether氣. But the knowledge of this unity is due to principle. Moral and legal norms are shifted totally to the sphere of principle. Therefore their have found the final dissolution from a heroic models. Above all the classical Confucians, but also the other schools, would reply to this that there is nothing more precise than a concrete successful action. Its result fits the world perfectly. The difference is due to the differing interest of ethical thought. In the case of the Confucians the path is more direct. The actor establishes a precise pattern for other actions. Education therefore lies in detailed knowledge about forms of behaviour, not so much in conceptual differentiation. It is quite possible that generalisation may be a methodical prerequisite for success in this endeavour. That problem, too, is discussed. But the success of conceptualisation lies in the successful performance of individual actions, not in shaping actions in accordance with normative concepts.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.199-207
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• 1988

The study was intended to know any relations between the rice tolerance to oxyfluorfen and varietal speciation in seed protein composition or any enzymatical allelies with or without chemical treatment. Rice varieties used were Chokoto, Aichiasahi, Agabyeo, IR 3941 and Tablei as the tolerant group, and Mushakdanti, Weld Pally, HP 1033, HP 857, and HP 907 as the susceptible, respectively. Electrophoretic methods used were SDS-PAGE for seed protein, 7% PAGE for isozymes (acid phosphatase and peroxidase from rice seedling) and changes in isoenzyme activity (malate dehydrogenase, peroxidase and esterase) as affected by oxyfluorfen treatment ($10^{-4}M$) was also studied. The results are summarized as follows. -Among 19 bands separated in seed proteins, two different rice groups selected in terms of tolerance were clustered in dissimilarity. This was based on 2 facts in that G band was not present in susceptible varieties and that less activity of H, N, O, P, Q, Rand S band was shown. -Among 4 bands separated in acid phosphatase, the presence of (band and lower activity of B band was specific for tolerant varieties. For 4 minor bands separated in peroxidase, the tolerant varieties had no activity in B band and higher activity in A, C, D bands. -Time-course study of isozymes as affected by $10^{-4}M$ oxyfluorfen showed that Chokoto, the tolerant varieties, had little activity in A band and consistently higher activities in Band C bands for malate dehydrogenase. For 5 bands separated in peroxidase, B band was not found in Chokoto while A, C, D, and E bands were consistently present. Esterase was separated into about 4 bands in which Chokoto had maintained higher activities in A, C and D bands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.42-46
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• 1984

This study was carried out to obtain the advanced basic data for hillside erosion control works. Recovery of vegetation in the hillside erosion control districts depends on various factors i.e., topographies, soil qualities, rain conditions and erosion control methods. The only relations between topographies and vegetation coverage were surveyed, since the other factors were equal in all those surveyed areas. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1) Mean coverage values were decreased in order of 80%, 78.7%, 64.0% and 56.5%r in concave slope, uniform slope, compound slope and convex slope respectively. The mean coverage of all aspects was 69.8%. The slope pattern have a influence on formation of coverage. 2) Moisture ratio in soil and mean slope have an effect on the mean coverage value. 3) In the beginning of the hillside erosion control working, coverage (14.8%) by arbor species was too low comparing with that by herb. 4) It is more desirable to recover regetation by artificial planting or seed planting than by the natural vegetation in the barren hillside. In the beginning of the hillside erosion control working, it is difficult to expect vegetation recovery by natural species.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.837-843
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to compare the feed intake patterns and growth performance of Meishan and Yorkshire growing pigs. Experiment 1 was carried out over a 6-wk period and used 48 barrows with equal numbers of purebred Meishan (M) and Yorkshire (Y). Pigs were allocated to four groups of 12 pigs consisting of equal numbers of M and Y. Initial BW were $36.4{\pm}0.32kg$ and $42.1{\pm}1.41kg$ for M and Y, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out over a 5-week period and used 48 pigs consisting of equal numbers of both barrows and gilts and of crossbred Meishan$\times$Yorkshire (MY) and purebred Yorkshire (Y) animals. Pigs were allotted to 6 pens of 8 pigs, with 4 single- and 2 mixed-genotype groups (initial $BW=28.5{\pm}0.99kg$). In both experiments, pigs were given ad libitum access to a grower diet (17% crude protein, 0.9% lysine, 3365 kcal/kg ME) via feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). Pigs carried an ear-tag transponder with an unique identification which allowed the time, duration, and size of individual meals to be recorded. In Exp. 1, Y had higher ADG (721 vs 353 g, p<0.01), daily feed intake (DFI; 2.338 vs 1.363 kg, p<0.01), made more frequent visits to the feeder per day (NFV; 18.5 vs 7.7, p<0.01), had a shorter feeder occupation time per visit (FOV; 7.4 vs 12.9 min, p<0.01), and ate less feed per visit (FIV; 130 vs 177 g, p<0.01) than M pigs. Feed consumption rates (CR) were greater for Y compared to M (19.3 vs 14.8 g/min, p<0.01). Feeder occupation time per day (FOD) was longer for Y than M (114.3 vs 82.8 min/pig, p<0.01). Yorkshire pigs visited the feeder more frequently between 0800 and 1100 h. Meishan pigs showed more frequent feeder visits between 0600 and 0800 h, and between 1600 and 2100 h when feeding competition with Y was reduced. In Exp. 2, there was no effect of genotype or group composition on DFI, ADG or gain:feed ratio. Crossbred pigs (MY) made fewer feeder visits (12.6 vs 17.7, p<0.01), and had greater FIV (124 vs 98 g/visit, p<0.01), and longer FOV (8.11 vs 7.24 min/visit, p<0.01) and FOD (112 vs 100 min, p<0.05) than Y pigs. Results of this study suggest substantial genetic variation in feeding patterns as well as in growth performance.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 1970

In an attempt to better understand the effect of whole body irradiation on the spontaneous motility and oxygen consumption rate of the isolated mouse duodenum, a whole body X-irradiation of 1,000r. was given to albino mouse, and 1) the total length of contraction of isolated duodenum was recorded on kymograph every five minutes for 60 minutes, 2) glucose and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) were added to the reaction medium of Kreb's-Ringer-bicarbonate buffer(KRB) and response of the isolated duodenum to the drugs was observed, and 3) the oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the isolated duodenum as well as the effect of glucose and 5-HT on $QO_2$ were measured by Warburg's standard manometric method and the comparison was made with the control(i.e. normal) group. The results thus obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The spontaneous motility of the isolated duodenum in the irradiated groups showed a significantly elevated pattern for the first 15 minutes comparing with the control. The motility, however, decreased after 15 minutes and remained so in the irradiated groups to the level of the nonirradiated control, but 24 hours post-irradiation group showed a tendency of an increased motility while one hour post-irradiation group showed no difference comparing with the control. 2. Addition of glucose produced generally elevated motility of the isolated duodenum in both irradiated and non-irradiated groups comparing with the control throughout the experiment, but no difference was observed in contractile amplitude between the irradiated and non·irradiated groups. 3. When 5-HT was added to the irradiated group, the contractile amplitude of isolated duodenum was similar to that of the control, and 5-HT alone caused a slight increase of the motility comparing with the control. 4. The oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ of the isolated duodenum was found to be ,slightly increased in one hour post·irradiated group, but similar in 24 hour post·irradiated group comparing with the control. Glucose produced a significant increase of $QO_2$ in all the groups, but 5-HT produced a tendency of decrease of $QO_2$ in all the groups.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2015

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the use of Korean medicine in patients with dizziness or vertigo, since such study has not been performed previously. Methods: In the current study, we included 3 diagnoses i.e., Disorders of vestibular function (H81), Vertiginous syndromes in diseases classified elsewhere (H82), and Dizziness and giddiness (R42) from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRAS) database for 4 years. We analyzed the database and compared treatment with Korean vs. Western medicine. Results: 1. Korean medical visits and cost have been increasing for 4 years, except 2011. Western medical visits are 11.9 times higher than Korean medical visits. 2. The number of women who received Korean medicine was 2.6 times higher than that of men. 3. Among all ages, the 70~79 years group were the most frequent users of Korean medicine. The older age was correlated with more patients' visits. 4. The comparative number of visits by patient care type for 4 years indicated that outpatients had more visits than hospitalization. Furthermore, outpatient visits have been increasing for 4 years. 5. The comparative number of visits by hospital type for 4 years indicated that visits to the Korean medical clinic were the highest. In primary care, patients used more Korean medicine than Western medicine. In tertiary care, patients used more Western medicine than Korean medicine. 6. Korean medical cost per patient by patient care type for 4 years was a total 89,000 won, hospitalization 449,000 won and outpatient 83,000 won. Costs of all patient care types have been increasing. 7. Korean medical cost per patient by hospital type for 4 years was 156,000 won for Korean medical hospital, 83,000 won for local clinic and 127,000 won for miscellaneous facilities. Costs of all types have been increasing. Conclusions: This study provided objective information about epidemiologic characteristics of Korean medicine in patients with dizziness or vertigo. Furthermore, it provides an understanding of the recent status and forms the basis for further expansion of demand for Korean medicine among patients with dizziness or vertigo.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2003

Growth performance, nutrient digestibility and changes in caecal fermentation pattern was studied on four groups of 8 grower rabbits (soviet chinchilla) each, fed on diets containing 17 to 18% CP and $10.4-11.00MJ\;DE\;kg^{-1}$ feed. The complete diets contained mulberry leaves along with other feed ingredients at 0 (LH), 15 (ML15), 30 (ML30) and 45% (ML45) levels. In LH diet ground lucerne hay was added at 15% of the diet as roughage source. The diets were uniform in other nutritional parameters except the higher amount of hemicellulose (18.7 and 16.5%) in LH and ML15 diets. The performance of grower rabbits was better (p<0.05) on LH and ML15 diets in terms of twelve weeks weight (kg), total gain (g), average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (%). Different levels of mulberry leaves in the diet did not influence the dry matter intake. Digestibility of nutrients for DM, OM, CP, NDF and energy was uniform in all the diets but the digestibility of CF, ADF and cellulose was higher (p<0.01) on ML15, ML30 and ML 45 diets. The hemicellulose digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.01) on LH (44.52%) and ML15 (48.00%) compared to ML30 (33.54%) and ML 45 (39.17%) diets. The nitrogen retention (% of intake) was higher (p<0.05) in LH and ML15 diets than ML30 and ML45 diets. The caecum weight as percent of intestine weight consistently increased (p<0.05) with increasing content of mulberry leaves in diets. Total nitrogen and $NH_3$-N was higher on LH and ML15 diets. It is concluded that incorporation of mulberry leaves can replace Lucerne hay in complete rabbit feed (15% in diet). Even at higher level i.e. 30 and 45% of the diet mulberry leaves based complete feed gave promising results.

• Ocean Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-97
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• 2016

This is the second of two papers on the 3D numerical modeling of nearshore hydro- and morphodynamics. In Part I, the focus was on surf and swash zone hydrodynamics in the cross-shore and longshore directions. Here, we consider nearshore processes with an emphasis on the effects of oceanic forcing and beach characteristics on sediment transport in the cross- and longshore directions, as well as on foreshore bathymetry changes. The Delft3D and XBeach models were used with four turbulence closures (viz., ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$, ${\kappa}-L$, ATM and H-LES) to solve the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flow as well as the beach morphology. The sediment transport module simulates both bed load and suspended load transport of non-cohesive sediments. Twenty sets of numerical experiments combining nine control parameters under a range of bed characteristics and incident wave and tidal conditions were simulated. For each case, the general morphological response in shore-normal and shore-parallel directions was presented. Numerical results showed that the ${\kappa}-{\varepsilon}$ and H-LES closure models yield similar results that are in better agreement with existing morphodynamic observations than the results of the other turbulence models. The simulations showed that wave forcing drives a sediment circulation pattern that results in bar and berm formation. However, together with wave forcing, tides modulate the predicted nearshore sediment dynamics. The combination of tides and wave action has a notable effect on longshore suspended sediment transport fluxes, relative to wave action alone. The model's ability to predict sediment transport under propagation of obliquely incident wave conditions underscores its potential for understanding the evolution of beach morphology at field scale. For example, the results of the model confirmed that the wave characteristics have a considerable effect on the cumulative erosion/deposition, cross-shore distribution of longshore sediment transport and transport rate across and along the beach face. In addition, for the same type of oceanic forcing, the beach morphology exhibits different erosive characteristics depending on grain size (e.g., foreshore profile evolution is erosive or accretive on fine or coarse sand beaches, respectively). Decreasing wave height increases the proportion of onshore to offshore fluxes, almost reaching a neutral net balance. The sediment movement increases with wave height, which is the dominant factor controlling the beach face shape.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.132-138
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• 2002

Non-human primates are widely used for experimental animal and raised as companion animal in Korea. To establish the electrocadiogram (ECG) of non-human primates that are domestically raised, the author measured bipolar limb leads and augmented unipolar limb leads, after tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ) injection as sedative agents. The amplitudes of P,Q, R,S and T wave and duration time of P wave, QRS complex, PR and QT interval in each lead of ECG were evaluated in 7 non-human primates at 15 minutes after TZ injection, respectively. The amplitude of P wave in I, II,III, aVR, aVL and aVF leads revealed 0.06$\pm$ 0.05,0.14$\pm$ 0.05, 0.1 $\pm$ 0.05,-0.11 $\pm$ 0.06,-0.04$\pm$ 0.04 and 0.12$\pm$ 0.05 mV respectively. The amplitude of Q wave revealed -0.16$\pm$ 0.15, -0.23$\pm$ 0.18, -0.17$\pm$ 0.13, 0.16$\pm$0.13, 0.04$\pm$ 0.09 and -0.2$\pm$0.13 mV, respectively. The amplitude of R wave revealed 0.56$\pm$0.56, 1.24$\pm$ 0.67, 0.92$\pm$0.33, -0.37$\pm$ 1.14, -0.22$\pm$ 0.47 and 1.12 $\pm$ 0.47 mV, respectively. The amplitude of S wave revealed -0.02$\pm$ 0.08, -0.04$\pm$0.06, -0.06$\pm$0.04, 0.02$\pm$0.04, 0.04$\pm$0.09 and -0.04 $\pm$ 0.06 mV, respectively. The amplitude of T wave revealed -0.01 $\pm$ 0.15,-0.02$\pm$ 0.13, 0.01 $\pm$ 0.08, 0.02$\pm$ 0.12, 0.01 $\pm$ 0.11 and -0.03$\pm$ 0.09 mV, respectively. The duration time of P wave revealed 0.05 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.04$\pm$ 0.01, 0.05$\pm$ 0.02, 0.05 $\pm$ 0.02, 0.04$\pm$ 0.01 and 0.04$\pm$ 0.01 sec, respectively. The duration time of QRS complex revealed 0.05 $\pm$ 0.02,0.05$\pm$ 0.01, 0.05 $\pm$ 0.01, 0.04$\pm$ 0.01, 0.05$\pm$ 0.01 and 0.05 $\pm$ 0.01 sec, respectively. The duration time of PR interval revealed 0.08$\pm$ 0.01, 0.07$\pm$0.01,0.08$\pm$ 0.03, 0.08$\pm$0.01, 0.08$\pm$ 0.01 and 0.08$\pm$0.01 sec, respectively. The duration time of QT interval revealed 0.23$\pm$ 0.06, 0.22$\pm$ 0.05, 0.23 $\pm$ 0.06, 0.23$\pm$ 0.06, 0.24$\pm$ 0.05 and 0.22$\pm$ 0.02 sec, respectively. No significant changes were observed in e amplitude of P and T waves. The amplitude of QRS complex in ketamine group was higher than that of TZ group. However, no significant changes were observed in both intra-group and inter-group. There were no significant changes in the duration time of P wave, QRS complex and PR interval obtained from both groups. Also, the duration time of QT interval in TZ group was significantly longer at 30 min.(P< 0.05) an that of 10 minutes after injection. However, significant difference was not found between two groups. The mean cardiac electric axis in ketamine group tended to decrease until 30 min. after injection and then gradually increase. However, mean cardiac electric axis of TZ group was increased until 30 min. after injection and then decreased. But significant differences were not observed between groups. These results suggest that the ECG pattern after TZ injection to non-human primates reared in korea was established. It was also considered that the injection of ketamine and TZ didn't significantly affect on ECG pattern of the non-human primates.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.9-16
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• 1969

It is well known that a number of -SH and -SS containing substances afford a certain measure of protection against radiation effects in many biological systems, and it is conceivable that inherent -SH levels in Ehrlich ascites tumour (ELD)cells may be of decisive improtance with respect to the development of cellular radiation injury. So far, little effort has been directed to elucidate the changes in levels of different -SH and -SS groups in ELD cells when the tumour-bearing whole animal was subjected to the sublethal dose of X-irradiation. The present study was designed to bring some lights in the possible changes of and relationship between various sulfhydryl levels, such as P-SH, NP-SH and NP-SS, as well as the content of protein and cell volume of ELD cells, after subjecting the ELD mice to 1,200 r of X-irradiation. The animals used in this experiment were all mixed bred mice of $20{\sim}25\;gm$ in body weight (approximately 2 months old) irrespective of sex. 12 mice in one experiment were inoculated intraperitoneally with 0.2 ml of ascites tumour cells $(2{\times}10^6\;cells)$, and on the 7th day of the tumour growth, they were X-irradiated with 1,200 r, using the conventional X-ray machine under the following conditions: 200 Kv at 15 mA, 0.5 mm Cu filter, target-skin distance: 50 cm. Radiation dose was measured with the the Philip integrating dosimeter. At 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours after the X-irradiation, the mice were killed by cervical dislocation, and the tumours were taken out. Freshly withdrawn ascites tumours were placed in ice, and immediately the cell concentration was measured with the Coulter Cell Counter (Model B), and the hematocrit of the tumour cells were also determined. Cell volume was thus calculated by the cell concentration and hematocrit value. P-SH content of ELD cells was measured potentiometrically according to the method of Calcutt & Doxey, and NP-SH and NP-SS contents were measured spectrophotometrically by the method described by Ellman. Protein content of ELD cells was determined with the Folin phenol reagent by Lowry et al. Altogether, 48 experimental mice were used, and 12 mice with the only exception of X-irradiation were used as the control. Results obtained indicate that the contents of all the cellular sulfhydryl groups as well as cell volume and protein content of the ELD cells increase significantly as time progresses after the sub-lethal X-ray dose of 1,200 r was given and that all the increase is in a lineal fashion. The regression lines of the relative values, (i. e., taking each control value as 1) of all the values obtained, and the regression lines of cell volume, protein and NP-SH are identical, whereas those of NP-SS and P-SH appear to be widely seperated. However, the difference of those two lines (NP-SS & P-SH) were found to be not significant statistically (p>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded from the above results that all the values examined increase in a lineal fashion with no statistically significant difference among them. Also, with the radiation dose of 1,200 r, the ELD cell becomes enlarged and swollen progressively up to 60 hours post-irradiation and it becomes more than two times of the original normal size at 60 hours after the irradiation, and up to this stage, it seems apparent that the cell division has been slow due to the X-irradiation applied in this experiment. It is well understandable that the contents of NP-SH, NP-SS, P-SH and protein of the ELD cells increase in parallel with the increase of the cell volume by the X-ray does used, but it also seems interesting to note that all the cellular substances tested show no appreciable difference in the pattern of increase.