• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.1098-1106
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• 2016

To study the influence of light intensity on blind-side hypermelanosis of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, we compared growth, glucose, cortisol, ratio of malpigmented blind-side area, ambicolored fish ratio and expression of mch mRNA for 60 days in 0 lux(darkness) and 20 lux(low light density). The test was done in duplicate at 50 fish/tank with the selected ordinary juvenile flounder. The rearing was performed in FRP aquarium tanks ($H100cm{\times}L100cm{\times}W100cm$). Growth was higher in the 0 lux. The ratio of malpigmented blind-side area and ambicolored fish ratio were significantly higher at the 0 lux than at the 20 lux. The result suggests that 20 lux could inhibit the hypermelanosis. The expression level of MCH 1, 2 mRNA was significantly lower in 0 lux, indicating that MCH 1, 2 and light intensity are related to blind-side hypermelanosis of starry flounder.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.841-847
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• 2016

To study the influence of background color and substratum on hypermelanosis of starry flounder, we compared the daily food intake (DFI), the feed efficiency (FE), the survival, the growth, the ratio of pigmented area on the blind side and the ratio of hypermelanic fish duplicately reared for 180 days in dark-green FRP aquarium (control), white FRP aquarium together with dark-green substratum. The ratio of pigmented area on the blind side was significantly higher at the dark-green group than at the white group. DFI, FE and growth were higher in the dark-green substratum. Pigmented area rate and ratio of hypermelanic fish were significantly higher at the dark green group than at the high dark-green substratum. The results suggest that bright tank color and substratum bottom could inhibit the hypermelanosis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.123-129
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• 2011

To determine whether rearing density affects the hypermelanosis on the blind side (ambicoloration) of olive flounders Paralichthys olivaceus, we reared fry with an unpigmented non-eyed (blind) side in duplicate at densities of 150 individuals/$m^2$ (commercial production density: control) and 450 individuals/$m^2$ (high density group) for 90 days in 1-t dark-green fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) tank. We recorded feed intake, feed conversion efficiency (FE), growth and survival, and measured the ratios of staining blind-side area (staining area) and ambicolored fish every 30 days. Daily feed intake (DFI), feed conversion efficiency (FE), growth rate, condition factors, and survival rate were calculated at the end of the experiment. Although the FE was higher in the high-density compared to the control, the two density groups showed similar feed intakes, growth, and survival. The ratio of staining area as well as the ratio of ambicolored fish significantly were significantly higher in the high-density group than in the control from days 30 to 60, but significantly increased and evened out by the end of the experiment (P<0.05). In conclusion, we determined that rearing density is not the main cause of the blind-side hypermelanosis, but found that increasing the rearing density can accelerate the ambicoloration in olive flounders.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.588-596
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• 2014

To examine the influences of water temperature and stocking density on feeding, growth and blind-side hypermelanosis of the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, we performed an experiment with fry at two densities: 2 and 8 fish/L. The fry had a total length of $3.2{\pm}0.1cm$, body weight $0.6{\pm}0.1g$, and pigmented patches (pigmented ratio $2.6{\pm}0.4%$) on the blind side. Duplicate experiments were conducted in 93.7 L glass tanks for 120 days, from July to November. We determined daily food intake (DFI), food efficiency (FE), growth, survival rate, ratio of hypermelanic fish, and pigmented area rate on the blind side at 60-day intervals. The DFI was less than 50 mg/fish/day, and growth was delayed from July to September (water temperature [WT]> $20^{\circ}C$). After October, when WT < $20^{\circ}C$, the DFI increased significantly and the growth was accelerated, suggesting that the rearing temperature of starry flounder in artificial facilities should be < $20^{\circ}C$. While the FE, and survival did no differ between the two density groups, DFI and growth were significantly higher at 2 fish/L than at 8 fish/L. There was no difference in the pigmented area ratio between the two density groups. Although the hypermelanosis was not correlated with body size, the malpigmentation increased with growth. These results suggest that a high stocking density is not the main cause of blind-side hypermelanosis, although it can accelerate hypermelanosis in the starry flounder.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2014

In Pleuronectiformes, blind-side malpigmentation (hypermelanosis) is common in cultured flatfishes, and is economically important. To understand the mechanism of blind-side hypermelanosis in flatfishes, we examined when the malpigmentation initially occurred, and studied how the symptoms proceeded during early development of the starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus. To assess quantitative pattern changes of blind-side skin, we observed morphological development of the whole body from 22 (total length [TL] $10.0{\pm}0.2$ mm and body weight [BW] $8.8{\pm}0.57$ mg) to 110 days (TL $23.4{\pm}0.7$ mm, BW $193.6{\pm}23.3$ mg) after hatching (DAH), and also examined the malpigmented area rate of blind-side skin and the malpigmented fish ratios. The experimental animals were reared in fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks in water at a temperature of $18.9{\pm}1.9^{\circ}C$ and salinity of $32.6{\pm}0.6$ psu and were fed with rotifer and Artemia nauplii from 22 to 48 DAH, and with A. nauplii and commercial feed from 49 to 110 DAH. As results, the first staining patch seen by the naked eye was observed around the area between the anus and pelvic fin or caudal edge of the trunk at 80 DAH (TL $20.6{\pm}0.5$ mm, BW $112.5{\pm}8.8$ mg). The pigmented area and the pigmented fish ratios were significantly increased from 80 to 110 DAH. These results indicated that malpigmentation on the blind side of starry flounder was initially observed at about 2 cm in length and 100 mg in weight, and the pigmented domain on the blind-side skin was continually broadened by the differentiation of pigmented cells (melanophores and xanthophores) with growth.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2012

The starry flounder Platichthys stellatus, like all flatfish, exhibits conspicuous lateral asymmetry in numerous traits, most obvious of which is the migration of one eye to the other side of the head during metamorphosis. Additional changes related to eye migration include asymmetrical pigmentation, and a behavioral shift from larvae that exhibit upright, open-water swimming to juveniles and adults that lie on the ocean floor, eye side up. However, the morphology of these juveniles has been quite plastic in recent years, a phenomenon which is thought to be related to a diverse suite of semi-intensive and intensive larviculture methods. The cause of morphological abnormalities in the farmed flatfish is poorly understood. In the present study, we observe the features of morphological specificity and abnormality of immature fish (mean total length 23 cm) and survey the occurrence frequency of the specificity and abnormality of juvenile (mean total length 6.70 cm) in artificial culture facility. We find 2 types of abnormality (e.g., albino in ocular side and hypermelanosis in blind side) and 1 type of specificity (e.g., lateral polymorphism). These considerably differ from normal individuals (has sinistral eye and pigmented on only one side) by several characteristics (dextral eye, ocular side albinism, blind side hypermelanosis). The incidences of albinism, hypermelanosis, and body reversal are $10.1{\pm}2.56%$, $91.7{\pm}1.7%$, and $13.1{\pm}1.1%$, respectively. These suggest that these morphometric and morphological differences occur more in artificial environment during and just after metamorphosis.

• 한국해양생명과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.56-62
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• 2016

본 연구는 넙치를 인공사육 시설에서 육성할 때 나타나는 무안측 흑화(착색증)의 스트레스 관련성을 확인하기 위해, 무안측에 체색이 없는 것(정상 그룹)와 체색이 있는 것(흑화 그룹)들 사이 스트레스 인자 비교 실험을 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 실험어는 평균 전장 21.5±0.42 cm, 평균 무게 87.5±6.1 g였으며, 실험어의 무안측 착색면적률은 정상 그룹 0.63±0.12%, 착색증 그룹 16.7±4.7%였다. 분석한 스트레스 관련 인자는 혈중 GLU 및 TP, 코티졸 및 갑상선호르몬(FT₃ & FT₄) 농도 및 어체 성분(수분, 조단백, 조지방, 조회분)이었다. 실험 결과, 정상과 무안측 착색 넙치에 있어 혈중 GLU 및 TP의 농도는 정상 형질보다 착색증 형질에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 혈중 호르몬 농도에 있어 갑상선호르몬의 경우 정상과 착색증 그룹 사이에는 유의차를 찾아볼 수 없지만, 코티졸은 착색증 그룹이 정상 그룹에 비해 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 어체 중 영양 성분의 경우, 수분과 회분은 그룹 간 유의차가 없었지만, 조단백은 착색증 그룹이 정상보다 다소 낮으며, 조지방은 정상보다 유의하게 높았다. 이상의 스트레스 인자를 통한 정상과 착색증 그룹 간 비교를 통해 알 수 있듯, 양식산 넙치의 착색증은 만성적이 약한 스트레스에 관련되어 있을 가능성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2014

강도다리, Platichthys stellatus의 먹이섭식, 성장 및 무안측 흑화에 있어 수온, 수조색상 및 조도의 영향을 파악하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 전장(TL) $17.3{\pm}0.5cm$ 및 체중(BW) $82.5{\pm}0.2g$의 양성어 중 정상 개체만을 선별하여, 6월에서 12월까지 180일 동안 환경 조건별 실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 국방색과 흰색수조($H100cm{\times}L100cm{\times}W100cm$; bottom area $1m^2$)를 이용하여 평균 조도 230 lux와 1,000 lux에서 2반복으로 실시하였다. 이 때 실험 밀도는 100마리/수조(430% of initial covering area [PCA])였다. 본 실험에서는 실험 기간동안, 수온 및 염분과 일간먹이섭식량(DFI)의 상관관계를 조사하였고, DFI, 먹이효율(FE), 성장, 생존율, 무안측 흑화률 및 흑화개체 비율을 실험구별로 비교하였다. DFI는 염분과의 상관관계는 보이지 않았지만, 겨울과 여름철 0.5 g/fish/day까지 유의하게 감소하고, 반대로 수온 $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$인 가을에 1.5 g/fish/day 이상 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 강도다리 양식은 수온 $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$에서 이루어져야 함을 내포하고 있다. 또한 DFI, FE 및 생존율은 배경색상과 조도의 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 가자미류의 무안측 흑화 발현 인자로 알려진 200% PCA 이상의 높은 밀도, 어두운 배경색상과 과도하게 밝은 조도가 강도다리에게 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.32-34
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• 2019

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a reactive hypermelanosis of the skin that occurs as a result of variable inflammatory processes, such as trauma, and many inflammatory conditions. Although a range of modalities of managing PIH have been reported, the treatment of PIH is challenging. In this report, a patient with PIH was treated using picosecond-domain Nd:YAG lasers. After three sessions of 1,064-nm picosecond-domain Nd:YAG laser treatment, the patient showed almost complete improvement with no remarkable side effects or recurrence over the duration of six months. Overall, 1,064-nm picosecond-domain Nd:YAG laser can be used effectively and safely for treating pigmented lesions in the dermis, particularly PIH, in Asian patients.

• Medical Lasers
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.87-89
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• 2019

Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a reactive hypermelanosis of the skin that occurs as a result of various inflammatory responses such as surgical procedure, trauma, and many inflammatory conditions. There are several reported studies of various modality in managing PIH. However, the treatment of PIH can prove to be challenging. In this report, we treated a patient with PIH using picosecond-domain Nd:YAG lasers. After ten sessions of 1,064-nm picosecond-domain Nd:YAG laser treatment, the patient presented considerable improvement with no remarkable side effects or recurrence over the duration of 6 months. We suggest that a 1,064-nm picosecond-domain Nd:YAG laser can be effectively and safely used for treating pigmented lesions resulting from surgical procedure in the skin of Asian patients.