• Title/Summary/Keyword: Hyperemia

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Study of four week repeated dose toxic test of Sweet Bee Venom in Beagle Dogs (Sweet Bee Venom의 비글견을 이용한 4주 반복 근육시술 독성시험)

  • Park, Jae-Seuk;Lee, Kwang-Ho;Kwon, Ki-Rok
    • Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.5-41
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    • 2010
  • Objectives: This study was performed to analyse four week repeated dose toxicity of Sweet Bee Venom(Sweet BV) extracted from the bee venom in Beagle dogs. Methods: All experiments were conducted under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) at Biotoxtech Company, a non-clinical study authorized institution. Male and female Beagle dogs of 5-6 months old were chosen for the pilot study of four week repeated dose toxicity of Sweet BV which was administered at the level of 0.56mg/kg body weight which is eighty times higher than the clinical application dosage as the high dosage, followed by 0.28 and 0.14mg/kg as midium and low dosage, respectively. Equal amount of excipient(normal saline) to the Sweet BV experiment groups was administered as the control group every day for four weeks. Results: 1. No mortality was witnessed in all of the experiment groups. 2. All experiment groups were appealed pain sense in the treating time compared to the control group, and hyperemia and movement disorder were observed around the area of administration in all experiment groups, and higher occurrence in the higher dosage treatment. 3. For weight measurement, Neither male nor female groups showed significant changes. 4. In the urine analysis, CBC and biochemistry didn't show any significant changes in the experiment groups compared with control group. 5. For weight measurement of organs, experiment groups didn't show any significant changes compared with control group. 6. To verify abnormalities of organs and tissues, thigh muscle which treated with Sweet BV, cerebrum, liver, lung, kidney, and spinal cords were removed and conducted histologocal observation with H-E staining. In the histologocal observation of thigh muscle, cell infiltration, inflammatory, degeneration, necrosis of muscle fiber, and fibrosis were found in both thigh tissue. And the changes were depend on the dose of Sweet BV. But another organs were not detected in any abnormalities. 7. The proper high dosage of Sweet BV for the thirteen week repeated test in Beagle dogs may be 0.28mg/kg in one time. Conclusion: Above findings suggest that Sweet BV is relatively safe treatment medium. Further studies on the subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidences.

Leonuri Fructus Ameliorates Acute Inflammation via the Inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated Nitric Oxide and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production (NF-${\kappa}B$ 조절(調節)을 통한 충울자(茺蔚子)의 염증억제효과)

  • Park, Seong Gyu;Jegal, Kyung-Hwan;Jung, Ji Yun;Back, Young Doo;Byun, Sung Hui;Kim, Young Woo;Cho, Il Je;Park, Sang Mi;Kim, Sang Chan
    • Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.178-185
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    • 2014
  • Leonuri Fructus, a semen of Leonuri Herba, has been used for the treatment of menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea and leukorrhea and for the remedy of hyperemia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the Leonuri Fructus extract (Leonurus japonicus Houtt. EtOH extract; LJE) in vivo and in vitro. In vitro study, the MTT assay for cell viability was conducted to determine the non-cytotoxic concentration of LJE treatment in media. The levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA method. The inflammation-related proteins of this study were detected by immunoblot anlaysis. The increases of NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-treated cells compared with control, but LJE attenuated the increases of NO and iNOS by LPS. LJE reduced the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ induced by LPS stimulation. LJE suppresses the signaling pathways of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs in LPS-induced macrophage cells. In vivo study, carrageenan-induced hind paw acute edematous inflammation rat model was used for evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of LJE. LJE significantly inhibited the increases of hind paw swelling, skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations, and decreased the numbers of mast cell induced by carrageenan injection. These results suggest that LJE has an anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential, which is mediated through modulating NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and MAPK phosphorylation. Inhibition of the rat paw edema induced by carrageenan is considered as direct evidence that LJE may be a useful source to treat inflammation.

Histopathological Studies of Mice after Administration of Radioactive Iodine($^{131}I$) (방사성동위원소옥소(放射性同位元素沃素)($^{131}I$)가 "마우스"의 주요장기(主要臟器)의 병리조직상(病理組織像)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Ro, Chae-Song;Lee, Mun-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.1 no.2
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    • pp.85-97
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    • 1967
  • Histopathological changes of various organs of the mice after intra-peritoneal injections of radioactive iodine ($^{131}I$) were experimentally observed. Sixity healthy female mice, weighing average 25 gm, devided into 6 groups, were used. The various doses of $^{131}I$ were injected intraperitoneally at different intervals. The histopathological changes after these treatments were observed in organs such as thyroids, parathyroids, livers, kidneys and gonads. Following were the results; 1) Thyroid: In the group A given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $10{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, it was observed that the protoplasms of follicular epithelial cells were destroyed, the nuclei were expanded or dissoluted, showing pyknotic changes of nuclei and vacuolizations of protoplasms. In the group B given $^{131}I$ with a single dose of $5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight, hyperemias, hemorrhages and hyaline degenerations in the whole area were observed. In the group C given $^{131}I$ with 3 doses of $2.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, the thyroid parenchyms were destroyed and epithelial cells of varing size were observed in the fibrinous tissues. In the group D given $^{131}I$ with 6 doses of $0.5{\mu}C$ per gm body weight every week, some destroyed follicles and new borne follicles were observed. But the histopathological changes resemble the follicles of the normal thyroid gland. In the group E and F given $^{131}I$ with 8 and 10 doses of $0.2{\mu}C\;and\;0.01{\mu}C$ for each group per gm body weight every two days, both pyknotic changes of nuclei and cytoplasmic vacuolizations of the follicular epithelia, hypertrophies of follicles and abnormal irregular follicular structures were observed, and in the group F, lymphocytes appeared around the thyroid glands. 2) Parathyroid: In the group A, hyperemia, proliferations of connective tissues, karyorrhexes and vacuolizations were observed. In other experimental groups, no particular pathological change was observed. 3) Liver: The degnerative changes and acute or chronic inflammatory changes were observed in proportion to the amount of $^{131}I$ injected. Atrophies of the liver cells, dilatations of sinusoids, hyaline degenerations and necrotic pictures were observed. 4) Kidney: In the group A, congestions and infiltrations of mononuclear cells and granulocytes were observed around the cortical arteries, and in the group B, the degenerative changes of cortexes, and, in the group C and D, hydronephrotic changes were observed respectively, and hyaline degenerations were partially observed. 5) Gonad: In the group A, the follicles were degenerated. The ova in the follicles showed irregular figures. The changes in the group B were almost the same as in the group A, but the changes were mild. In the group C, the destructions of whole ova, the hypertrophies of ovarian follicular membranes and pyknotic changes of nuclei were observed. In the group D, the pathological changes were similar to that of group C, but mild in the grade. In the group E, almost none of ovarian follicular fluid was observed, and in the group F, the tissue pictures were almost similar to that of the normal group.

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Studies on the Pharmacodynamic Action of Methemoglobin (Methemoglobind의 약력학적(藥力學的) 작용(作用)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Kim, Kwang-Yun
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.2 no.1 s.2
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    • pp.49-69
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    • 1966
  • For the purpose of stydying the pharmacodynamic action of methemoglobin, the author made the following experiments: 1. Preparation of hemoglobin and methemoglobin solutions: Red cell suspension from rabbit blood was hemolysed with distilled water and then divided into two portions. One portion was dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic with the proper amount of sodium chloride. The second portion was treated with sodium nitrite to convert hemoglobin to methemoglobin, dialysed through cellophane paper and made isotonic. 2. The concentration of methemoglobin in solution, plasma and urine was determined by Horecker and Brackette's method, and that of hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method. 3. The concentration of methemoglobin and hemoglobin in the plasma and urine of rabbits was measured at several intervals of time after infusion of the above samples. 4. The blood pressure and respiration of rabbits were recorded on a kymograph, and the effects of the samples on them were observed. 5. The effects of the samples on the movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were studied. 6. The kidneys of rabbits were excised 4 to 5 hours after injection of the samples, and histopathological examinations were made. These experiments revealed the following results: 1. When methemoglobin solution was allowed to stand in room air, there was no decrease in the concentration of methemoglobin. 2. When methemoglobin solution was mixed with whole blood and incubated at $37^{\circ}C$, the concentration of methemoglobin decteased gradually. 3. After the infusion of methemoglobin and hemoglobin solutions, the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin in the plasma was more rapid than that of hemoglobin in the plasma. The higher the initial concentration in the plasma, the larger was the rate of disappearance of methemoglobin. 4. The rate of disappearance of methemoglobin was exceedingly rapid for 30 minutes after the infusion. 5. The urinary excretion of methemoglobin was more rapid than that of hemoglobin. 6. It would seem that the circulating blood contains substances which are promptly mobilized in the plasma to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin. 7. Moderate amounts of methemoglobin solution caused some rise in the blood pressure and a transient acceleration of the respiration of the rabbits. These effects of methemoglobin were milder than those of hemoglobin. 8. The movements of the in-situ heart and the isolated intestine of rabbits were accelerated by methemoglobin. These accelerating effects were milder than those of hemoglobin. 9. In the kidneys of rabbits treated with methemoglobin solution, hyperemia of the glomeruli, cloudy swelling and hemoglobin deposit in the tubular epithelium, hemoglobin casts in the tubular lumina of the proximal tubules, and interstitial congestion were constantly observed. There was no definite difference between the histological findings in the rabbit kidneys injected with methemoglobin, and those injected with hemoglobin solutions.

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Studies on Coliform Mastitis: II. Pathological Findings on The Effects of Dexamethasone, Iron and Transferrin in Mastitis of Lactating Rabbits (Coliform 유방염(乳房炎)에 관한 연구(硏究) : II. Dexamethasone, Iron 및 Transferrin이 유방염(乳房炎)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관한 병리학적소견(病理學的所見))

  • Han, Du-seik;Lee, Cha-soo
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.183-193
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    • 1984
  • In this study lactating female rabbits and strains of coliforms previously isolated from the cases of acute and chronic mastitis in dairy cattle were employed. The pathological changes were observed on the mastitis experimentally induced with the coliform strains and the mamary glands after infusions of E. coli suspension together with dexamethasone, dextran iron or transferrin were grossly and microscopically observed. From the results reported, the following points are concluded. In the bacterial suspension-infused groups by E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Ent. aerogenes, respectively, the affected quarters of udder showed grossly swelling, hyperemia, hemorrhage, focal necrosis and firmness. The microscopic findings of early stage of the mastitis were appearance of large numbers of heterophils in the glandular lumina and ducts accompanied by degeneration, necrosis and desquamation of epithelial cells and also infiltration of heterophils, hemorrhage and edema in the interstitial tissue and destruction of alveoli. Later, proliferation of fibroblasts, plasma cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils and macrophages appeared in the glandular tissue and with these cells necrotic foci of glandular tissue were surrounded by highly proliferated connective tissue. In addition, granulomatous inflammatory changes could be observed in the glandular tissue from the 7th day after infusion. The difference of the inflammatory response among the groups did not recognized. In the groups infused with dexamethasone and E. coli suspension the inflammatory response was slighter at the inflammatory change with alveolar destruction and hemorrhage was more rapid and severer than E. coli alone. Also in the groups infused with dextran iron and E. coli suspension the inflammatory change was more rapid and severer than E. coli alone and the histological changes were not recognized in the groups infused with dextran iron alone. Reaction of the iron staining was diffusely strong positive within the glandular alveolar lumina in the groups of dextran iron alone, hut was slightly positive toward epithelial cells in the groups of dextran iron and E. coli infusion. In the group infused with transferrin and E. coli suspension, the inflammatory response was tighter, but the peroxidase activity of the heterophils in the glandular lumina was more or less stronger than E. coli alone.

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A pathological observation on the experimental rabbit viral hepatitis (실험적 토끼 바이러스성 간염의 병리학적 관찰)

  • Jyeong, Jong-sik;Kwon, Young-ran;Lee, Cha-soo;Shin, Tae-kyun
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.605-608
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    • 1992
  • This paper dealt with the clinical and pathological observations on the experimental rabbit viral hepatitis. Rabbits with 2-14 months of ages were intramuscularly inoculated with virus suspension. The results were summarized as follows. Ninety percents of experimental rabbits inoculated with virus died within 96 hours postinoculation. Common clinical signs were inappetence, increase in body temperature, depression, mild diarrhea and in three cases, bloody foam from nostrils was recognized. At necropsy, in most of the experimental cases, there were hyperemia or haemorrhages in many organs and pale liver. Intestinal catarrh and retention of turbid urine in urinary bladder were seen in some cases. Histopathologically, liver necrosis was found in all the cases died of this disease. However, there was a difference in the severity of hepatic necrosis. Haemorrhages were Iecognized in lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and thymus, in order. Liver necrosis was marked even in the cases with no haemorrhage. Perivascular cuffing in brain and catarrhal enteritis in small intestine were seen in many cases. From these results, consistent and primary lesion in this viral disease is hepatitis in susceptible rabbits. It was concluded that rabbit hepatitis virus might have the properties of hepatotropism and consequently induce peripheral necrosis in the liver leading to acute viremia with haemorrhages.

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Restricted Blood Flow Exercise in Sedentary, Overweight African-American Females May Increase Muscle Strength and Decrease Endothelial Function and Vascular Autoregulation

  • Bond, Vernon;Curry, Bryan Heath;Kumar, Krishna;Pemminati, Sudhakar;Gorantla, Vasavi Rakesh;Kadur, Kishan;Millis, Richard Mark
    • Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.23-28
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    • 2017
  • Objectives: Exercise with partially restricted blood flow is a low-load, low-intensity resistance training regimen which may have the potential to increase muscle strength in the obese, elderly and frail who are unable to do high-load training. Restricted blood flow exercise has also been shown to affect blood vessel function variably and can, therefore, contribute to blood vessel dysfunction. This pilot study tests the hypothesis that unilateral resistance training of the leg extensors with partially restricted blood flow increases muscle strength and decreases vascular autoregulation. Methods: The subjects were nine normotensive, overweight, young adult African-Americans with low cardiorespiratory fitness who underwent unilateral training of the quadriceps' femoris muscles with partially restricted blood flow at 30% of the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) load for 3 weeks. The 1-RM load and post-occlusion blood flow to the lower leg (calf) were measured during reactive hyperemia. Results: The 1-RM load increased in the trained legs from $77{\pm}3$ to $84{\pm}4 kg$ (P < 0.05) in the absence of a significant effect on the 1-RM load in the contralateral untrained legs (P > 0.1). Post-occlusion blood flow decreased significantly in the trained legs from $19{\pm}2$ to $13{\pm}2mL{\cdot}min^{-1}{\cdot}dL^{-1}$ (P < 0.05) and marginally in the contralateral untrained legs from $18{\pm}2$ to $16{\pm}1mL{\cdot}min^{-1}{\cdot}dL^{-1}$ (P = 0.09). Changes in post-occlusion blood flow to the skin overlying the trained and the contralateral untrained muscles were not significant. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that restricted blood flow exercise, which results in significant gains in muscle strength, may produce decrements in endothelial dysfunction and vascular autoregulation. Future studies should determine whether pharmacopuncture plays a role in treatments for such blood vessel dysfunction.

A Sterile Pyogranuloma/Granuloma Syndrome (SPGS) in a Rottweiler Dog (Rottweiller에서 발생한 무균성 농성 육아종성/육아종성 피부증후군(SPGS))

  • Kim Youn-ju;Jeong A-young;Kim Jae-hoon;Eom Ki-dong;Lee Keun-woo;Oh Tae-ho
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.402-405
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    • 2004
  • A 5-year-old Rottweiler neutered female dog was presented with signs of mandibular and popliteal lymphadenopathy, erosion in mucocutaneous junction of muzzle and lips, multiple papules and nodules in right rear limb and neck, and alopecia in right thorax. There was no further clinical sign except anorexia, sporadic fever and ocular hyperemia. She hadn't shown any response to carprofen prescribed by local veterinarian. Hematological abnormalities included mild anemia and severe lymphocytosis. On serum biochemical profile, only elevated AST level was noticed. On cytological examination, there was an evidence of mild bacterial infection which seemed to occur secondarily. Three sites were biopsied that included muzzle, upper lip and right thoracic region. Histopathologically, multifocal confluent pyogranulomatous dermatitis, scattered granulomatous inflammation in subcutis and severe septal panniculitis were observed. Special stainings(Gram, Acid-fast, PAS, Giemsa) were performed to reveal that a dog was negative for any organism. Finally, sterile pyogranuloma/granuloma syndrome (SPGS) was diagnosed. The treatment was initiated with predinsolone and enrofloxacin. The condition was successfully resolved after 4 weeks of treatment. This good response suggests that SPGS may be immune-mediated disease of its pathogenesis and this drug combination may be a viable therapeutic option for dogs suffering from SPGS. Also, this article reports a case of SPGS in Rottweiller for the first time.

Atypical Nodular Granulomatous Episclerokeratitis in a Dog (개에서 발생한 비정형의 결절성 육아종성 상공막염 1례)

  • Kim, Tae-Hyun;Jeong, Man-Bok;Park, Shin-Ae;Kim, Won-Tae;Kim, Se-Eun;Park, Young-Woo;Ahn, Jae-Sang;Kim, Hyung-Jin;Chang, Jin-Hwa;Kim, Dae-Yong;Yoon, Jung-Hee;Seo, Kang-Moon
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.102-106
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    • 2010
  • A 5-year-old castrated male Cocker Spaniel was referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University with a history of chronic conjunctival hyperemia and a fleshy corneal mass in the right eye. On ophthalmic examinations, it was observed that a well-vascularized fleshy mass at the dorsolateral limbus extended into the clear cornea. The lesion regressed by initial medications, including both topical and systemic corticosteroids, and topical cyclosporine A. However, the lesion relapsed and grossly infiltrated to cornea in a short period of time without improvement in spite of the immunosuppressive therapy, leading to the vision loss. The eye was enucleated and nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis was confirmed on histopathological examination.

Changes of the symptoms following surgical treatment of temporomandibular joint internal derangement with disc adhesion (관절원판 유착을 동반한 악관절 내장증 환자의 수술후 증상의 변화)

  • Kim, Hyung-Gon;Nam, Kwang-Hyun;Park, Kwang-Ho;Huh, Jong-Ki;Kim, Il-Soo;Choi, Hee-Soo
    • Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.294-300
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    • 2000
  • Purpose: The aim of this study was to find the clinical characteristics of the patients who had temporomandibular joint internal derangement(ID) with disc adhesion(adhesion group) compared to only disc displacement without disc adhesion, perforation, hyperemia, and so on(ID group). Materials and methods: Thirty seven joints were included in adhesion group and 54 joints in ID group of all 174 patients(174 joints) treated surgically and had been checked periodically over 12 months at TMJ clinic of Yongdong Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, between 1992 and 1997. Mouth opening range, pain during mouth opening and biting, headache, neck/shoulder pain and TMJ sound were checked his/her every visit before and after surgery. Results: The maximum mouth opening was improved significantly after postoperative 3 months in two groups(p<0.01), but adhesion group was less improved. Pain during mouth opening was improved significantly over 3 months after surgery in adhesion group(p<0.01), but in ID group 1 month after surgery. Biting pain was improved and maintained it after surgery and not significant difference between two groups. Headache and neck/shoulder pain were much improved after surgery(p<0.01), but slight relapse was found in adhesion group after 12 months. TMJ sound was more found in adhesion group after 1 month(p<0.05), but after 3 months, no significant difference was found between two groups. Conclusions: The postoperative results of adhesion group were worse than ID group. Therefore, it is considered more carefully to diagnose and treat in cases of internal derangement with adhesion.

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