• KCID journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.48-61
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• 1997

Drought index calculation method using principal hydrological factors, such as precipitation amount and reservoir storage ratio, can estimate the duration and the intensity of drought. It is not easy to establish an universal criteria of drought, since th

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2010

To understand day-to-day fluctuations in soil moisture content in Seoul, I simulated daily soil moisture content from 1908 to 2009 using long-term climatic precipitation and temperature data collected at the Surface Synoptic Meteorological Station in Seoul for the last 98 years with a hydrological simulation model, BROOK. The output data set from the BROOK model allowed me to examine day-to-day fluctuations and the severity and duration of droughts in the Seoul area. Although the soil moisture content is highly dependent on the occurrence of precipitation, the pattern of changes in daily soil moisture content was clearly quite different from that of precipitation. Generally, there were several phases in the dynamics of daily soil moisture content. The period from mid-May to late June can be categorized as the initial period of decreasing soil moisture content. With the initiation of the monsoon season in late June, soil moisture content sharply increases until mid-July. From the termination of the rainy season in mid-July, daily soil moisture content decreases again. Highly stochastic events of typhoons from late June to October bring large amount of rain to the Korean peninsula, culminating in late August, and increase the soil moisture content again from late August to early September. From early September until early October, another sharp decrease in soil moisture content was observed. The period from early October to mid-May of the next year can be categorized as a recharging period when soil moisture content shows an increasing trend. It is interesting to note that no statistically significant increase in mean annual soil moisture content in Seoul, Korea was observed over the last 98 years. By simulating daily soil moisture content, I was also able to reconstruct drought phenomena to understand the severity and duration of droughts in Seoul area. During the period from 1908 to 2009, droughts in the years 1913, 1979, 1939, and 2006 were categorized as 'severe' and those in 1988 and 1982 were categorized as 'extreme'. This information provides ecologists with further potential to interpret natural phenomenon, including tree growth and the decline of tree species in Korea.

• KCID journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.78-88
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• 2014

This study is to analyze the 2012 spring drought of Korea using drought index and satellite image. The severe spring drought recorded in May of 2012 showed 36.4% of normal rainfall(99.5mm). The areas of west part of Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do were particularly serious. The drought indices both the SPI(Standardized Precipitation Index) and WADI(WAter supply Drought Index) represented the drought areas from the end of May and to the severe drought at the end of June. The drought by SPI completely ended at the middle of July, but the drought by WADI continued severe drought in the agricultural reservoir watersheds of whole country even to the end of the July. On the other hand, the results by spatial NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index) data from Terra MODIS, both indices showed relatively low values around the areas of Sinuiju, Pyongyang, and west coast of North Korea and Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheong-do of South Korea indicating drought condition. Especially, the values of NDVI and EVI at Chungcheong-do were critically low in June compared to the normal year value.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.1166-1171
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• 2006

Drought is defined by differently for the several scientific and technical fields such as hydrological drought, agricultural drought, meteorological drought, climatological drought, atmospheric drought. A lot of drought indices have been developed to quantify drought severity levels. However these drought indices might be expressed differently as the drought conditions for specific period because the drought severity level is using different types of data on each condition. It is necessary for development of quantative drought representation methods by drought index application. In this research, the reaction to the historical droughts is analyzed after estimation of PDSI, SPI and MSWSI(Modified Surface Water Supply Index) in south korean territory. Lastly the drought representation methods were examiner combining the drought indices by drought indices. The arithmetic mean drought indices that include PDSI, SPI, in yearly basis from 1971 to 2001 and MSWSI in yearly basis from 1974 to 2001 were estimated through the whole nation. The applicability of drought indices are examined based on the observed drought data for national and regional droughts. The result shows that PDSI, SPI(3), SPI(6), and MSWSI have proven to be sensitive enough to the historical drought. The correlation analysis of each drought index was conducted whether they could show the long and short term drought equally. The analysis of how appropriately represent for the historical drought was used for determining for the combined drought index. Consequently, PDSI, SPI(3), SPI(6), and MSWSI have been appeared as suitable indices for the development of quantitative drought representation methods. For the decision of weight on combining PDSI, SPI(3), SPI(6), and MSWSI, drought map was made for eighteen alternative to decide weight. The results showed that PDSI(20%), SPI(3)(60%), SPI(6)(10%), and MSWSI(10%) have been the most well matched weights. Using selected weights of each drought indices and by reconstructing the national mean drought severity on yearly basis, the fact that the year of historical drought is in accordance with the verified one for drought representation. In short, the acquired technique using combined drought index can be used for useful and believable quantitative method of drought analysis.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 1981

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.223-231
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• 2015

Although a considerable part of climate change can be explained by temperature change, hydrological change such as precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff impact more on society. For the ascertain a hydrological change in agriculture sector, this study estimate evapotranspiration of cropland in the Korean peninsula, and then to assess the drought severity in the past 30 years through the estimated potential evapotranspiration and observed precipitation. The potential evapotranspiration is estimated by EPIC model and Penman-Monteith method and the drought severity in cropland of the Korean peninsula is assessed using Normalized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (NPEI) based on the difference in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. In North Korea, the estimated evapotranspiration tends to increase even though a significant change is not found due to the change of climate. Although a time series change in drought severity in the past 30 years is not pronounced, a deviation by year and difference between South and North Korea is certain. One reason of this is difference in precipitation and evapotranspiration change according to the latitude. The result including expansion of facilities for water management in North Korea can be used for agricultural decision making, as well as base data of climate change adaptation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2017

Recently, the hydrological model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been applied in many watersheds in South Korea. This study estimated parameters in SWAT for calibrating streamflow in long-term drought periods. Therefore, we focused on the continuous severe drought periods 2014~2015, and understand the model calibrated parameters. The SWAT was applied to a $366.5km^2$ Gongdo watershed by using 14 years (2002~2015) daily observed streamflow (Q) including two years extreme drought period of 2014~2015. The 9 parameters of CN2, CANMX, ESCO, SOL_K, SLSOIL, LAT_TIME, GW_DELAY, GWQMN, ALPHA_BF were selected for model calibration. The SWAT result by focusing on 5 normal years (2002~2006) calibration showed the 14 years average Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE) for Q and 1/Q with 0.78 and 0.58 respectively. On the other hand, the 14 years average NSEs of Q and 1/Q by focusing on 2 drought years (2014~2015) calibration were 0.86 and 0.76 respectively. Thus, we could infer that the SWAT calibration trial by focusing on drought periods data can be a good approach to calibrate both high flow and low flow by controlling the 9 drought affected parameters.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2023

Drought is a natural disaster that can have serious social impacts. Drought's impact ranges from water supply for humans to ecosystems, but the impact of drought on river water quality requires careful investigation. In general, drought occurs meteorologically and is classified as agricultural drought, hydrological drought, and environmental drought. In this study, the BOD environmental drought is defined using the bivariate copula joint probability distribution model between the meteorological drought index and the river BOD, and based on this, the environmental drought condition index (EDCI-BOD) was proposed. The results of examining the proposed index using past precipitation and BOD observation data showed that EDCI-BOD expressed environmental drought well in terms of river BOD water quality. In addition, by classifying the calculated EDCI-BOD into four levels, namely, 'attention', 'caution', 'alert', and 'seriousness', a practical monitoring stage for environmental drought of BOD was constructed. We further estimated the sensitivity of the stream BOD to meteorological drought, and through this, we could identify the stream section in which the stream BOD responded relatively more sensitively to the occurrence of meteorological drought. The results of this study are expected to provide information necessary for river BOD management in the event of meteorological droughts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.331-331
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• 2021

수문학적 가뭄의 판단은 유출량과 저수지 수위 등을 비롯한 다양한 수문자료를 활용하여 가능하다. 가뭄판단을 위한 유량 자료로는 수위관측소 관측 유량, 유출모형을 통한 모의 유량 자료가 주로 활용된다. 최근에는 관측 유량 기반의 수문학적 가뭄 판단은 인위적인 용수 배분이 고려된 것이기 때문에 인간이 만든 수문학적 가뭄(Human-modified hydrological drought, 인위적 수문학적 가뭄)으로, 모의 유량 기반의 수문학적 가뭄 판단은 자연적인 수문과정이 반영된 자연유량을 활용한 것이기 때문에 기후영향 수문학적 가뭄(Climate-induced hydrological drought)이란 정의된다. 우리나라의 경우, 홍수기에 저류된 저수량을 비홍수기 동안, 특히 용수사용량이 많은 봄철 농번기에 활용하는 것이 수자원 관리의 기본방향이다. 따라서 우리가 직면하는 수문학적 가뭄은 대부분 댐 및 저류지에서의 용수 사용량 조절에 따라 영향을 받기 때문에, 기상인자가 직접적인 원인으로 작용되는 가뭄과는 다르다. 본 연구에서는 관측 유량과 자연유량 자료를 활용하여 위에서 정의된 두 종류의 수문학적 가뭄에 대하여 비교하고, 실제 발생되었던 가뭄 피해 정보와의 일치정도를 검토하였다. 가뭄의 판단은 각각의 가뭄지수를 표준유출량지수(Standardized Runoff Index, SRI)에 적용하며, 수정 Mann-Kendall 검증으로 두 지수들의 경향성을 비교하였다. 장기간의 관측 자료를 보유하고 있는 한강유역 일부지역에 적용한 결과 두 종류의 가뭄지수 모두 뚜렷한 경향성은 없으며, 댐 상류지역에서의 두 종류의 가뭄특성은 유사하게 나왔다. 하지만, 댐 하류지역에서는 인위적 수문학적 가뭄이 기후영향 수문학적 가뭄보다 발생빈도는 적으나, 지속기간은 약 한달 정도 짧고, 가뭄심도는 약 5~20 % 정도 증가하는 강도가 센가뭄이 발생되는 경향이 있음이 확인되었다. 이는 인위적인 용수 관리로, 약한 규모의 가뭄은 감소되고 있으나 큰 규모의 가뭄은 그 영향이 더 큰 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 해당 결과를 바탕으로 효율적인 용수 관리에 통하여 약한 가뭄 뿐만 아니라 대형 가뭄을 대비하기 위한 지속적인 노력이 필요함을 확인 할 수 있었다. 장기간의 관측 유량의 자료의 한계로 많은 지역에는 적용이 어려우나 해당 연구를 통하여 국내에서도 수문학적 가뭄의 개념을 재정립하고, 용수 공급 개념을 기반으로 하는 수문학적 가뭄 지수의 개발에 활용 가능할 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 2007

Gamma distributions are some of the most popular models for hydrological processes. In this paper, a very flexible family which contains the gamma distribution as a particular case is introduced. Evidence of flexibility is shown by examining the shape of its pdf and the associated hazard rate function. A comprehensive treatment of the mathematical properties is provided by deriving expressions for the nth moment, moment generating function, characteristic function, Renyi entropy and the asymptotic distribution of the extreme order statistics. Estimation and simulation issues are also considered. Finally, a detailed application to drought data from the State of Nebraska is illustrated.