• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.802-809
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• 2010

An automatic calibration tool of Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF), Parameter Estimation (PEST) program, was applied at the Imha lake watershed to get optimal hydrological parameters of HSPF. Calibration of HSPF parameters was performed during 2004 ~ 2008 by PEST and validation was carried out to examine the model's ability by using another data set of 1999 ~ 2003. The calibrated HSPF parameters had tendencies to minimize water loss to soil layer by infiltration and deep percolation and to atmosphere by evapotranspiration and maximize runoff rate. The results of calibration indicated that the PEST program could calibrate the hydrological parameters of HSPF with showing 0.83 and 0.97 Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS) for daily and monthly stream flow and -3% of relative error for yearly stream flow. The validation results also represented high model efficiency with showing 0.88 and 0.95, -10% relative error for daily, monthly, and yearly stream flow. These statistical values of daily, monthly, and yearly stream flow for calibration and validation show a 'very good' agreement between observed and simulated values. Overall, the PEST program was useful for automatic calibration of HSPF, and reduced numerous time and effort for model calibration, and improved model setup.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.384-393
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• 2012

Saemangeum lake is an artificial lake created by reclamation works and an estuary embankment since 2006. The sea water flows into the lake by the operation of two sluice gates, and the freshwater enters into the lake by the upper streams. For the reflection of hydrology and hydrodynamics effects in Saemangeum area, a hydrodynamics model was developed by connecting Hydrological Simulation Program with Fortran (HSPF) and Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC). The HSPF was applied to simulate the freshwater discharge from the upper steam watershed, and the EFDC was performed to compute water flow, water temperature, and salinity based on time series from 2008 to 2009. The calibration and validation are performed to analyze horizontal and vertical gradients. The horizontal trend of model simulation results is reflected in the trend of observed data tolerably. The vertical trend is conducted an analysis of seasonal comparisons because of the limitation of vertically observed data. Water temperature reflects on the seasonal changes. Salinity has an effect on the near river input spots. The impact area of salinity is depending on the sea water distribution by gate operation, mainly.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.582-588
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• 2016

The hydrological simulation program FORTRAN (HSPF) is a comprehensive watershed model that employs the hydraulic function table (FTABLE) (depth-area-volume-flow relationship) to represent the geometric and hydraulic properties of water bodies. The hydraulic representation of the HSPF model mainly depends on the accuracy of the FTABLES. These hydraulic representations determine the response time of water quality state variables and also control the scour, deposition, and transport of sediments in the water body. In general, FTABLES are automatically generated based on reach information such as mean depth, mean width, length, and slope along with a set of standard assumptions about the geometry and hydraulics of the channel, so these FTABLES are unable to accurately describe the geometry and hydraulic behavior of rivers and reservoirs. In order to compensate the weakness of HSPF for hydraulic modeling, we generated alternate method to improve the accuracy of FTABLES for rivers, using the surveyed cross sections and rating curves. The alternative method is based on the hydraulics simulated by HEC-RAS using the surveyed cross sections and rating curves, and it could significantly improve the accuracy of FTABLES. Although the alternate FTABLE greatly improved the hydraulic accuracy of the HSPF model, it had little effect on the hydrological simulation.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2010

Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) coupled with PEST which is optimization program was calibrated and validated at Bochung watershed by using monitoring data of water quantities and nutrient loading. Although the calibrated data were limited, model parameters of each land use type were optimized and coefficient of determinations were ranged from 0.94 to 0.99 for runoff, from 0.89 to 1.00 for TN loading, and from 0.92 to 1.00 for TP loading. The optimized hydrological parameters indicated that the forested land could retain rainfall within soil layer with high soil layer depth and infiltration rate compared with other land use type. Hydrological characteristics of paddy rice field are low infiltration rate and coefficient of roughness. The calibrated parameters related to nutrient loading indicated generation of nutrient pollution from agricultural area including upland and paddy rice field higher than other land use type resulting from fertilizer application. Overall PEST program is useful tool to calibrate HSPF automatically without consuming time and efforts.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제55권10호
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• pp.823-833
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• 2022

HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran)는 미국과 우리나라에서 특히 많이 사용하는 유역 수문 및 수질 모델이다. 이 모델은 분산형 모델로서 각 유역의 지형, 지질 및 오염부하특성을 정확하게 반영하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 HSPF의 매개변수 중 조도계수(NSUR), 침투(INFILT), 토양 하부의 증발산(LZETP)에 대하여 실제 용담댐 유역의 토지피복과 토양의 종류에 따라 값을 차등 입력함으로써 단일 값을 입력했을 때에 대비하여 유량, 수문 성분 및 수질의 정확도 향상 여부를 분석하였다. 조도계수와 식물의 밀도를 의미하는 토양 하부의 증발산은 토지피복의 종류에 따라 입력하였고, 침투는 유역의 수문학적 토양 그룹의 분포에 따라 입력하였다. 분석 결과 유량과 수질은 단일 값을 입력했을 때보다 각 매개변수를 토지피복과 토양의 종류별로 차등 설정하였을 때 정확도가 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 조도계수(NSUR) 입력에 의해 지표유출과 첨두유량이 증가하였고, 침투(INFILT) 입력에 의해 기저유출이 감소하고 지표유출이 증가하였으며, 증발산(LZETP) 차등 입력으로 중간유출과 지표유출이 증가하고 지하수유출이 감소하는 등 각 매개변수의 설정이 유역 말단의 유량뿐 아니라 모든 수문 성분의 구성 비율에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 유역의 토지피복 및 토양의 비균질한 특성을 정확하게 표현하는 것이 이 모델을 이용한 유량 및 수질 예측의 정확도 제고에 중요하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제54권6호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2012

Applicability of 8 day interval flow data for the calibration of hydrologic model was evaluated using Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) at Kyungan watershed. The 8 day interval flow monitored by Ministry of Environment located at upstream was calibrated and periodically validated during 2004-2008. And continuous daily flow monitored by Ministry of Construction & Transportation (MOCT) and located at the mouth was compared with daily simulated data during 2004-2007 as spatial validation. Automatic calibration tool which is Model-Independent Parameter Estimation & Uncertainty Analysis (PEST) was applied for HSPF calibration procedure. The model efficiencies for calibration and periodic validation were 0.63 and 0.88, and model performances were fair and very good, respectively, based on criteria of calibration tolerances. Continuous daily stream flow at the mouth of Kyungan watershed were good agreement with observed continuous daily stream flow with showing 0.63 NS value. The PEST program is very useful tool for HSPF hydrologic calibration using non-continuous daily stream flow as well as continuous daily stream flow. The 8 day interval flow data monitored by MOE could be used to calibrate hydrologic model if the continuous daily stream flow is unavailable.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.61-74
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• 2007

A mathematical modeling program called Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was applied to Hwaseong watershed. It was run under BASINS (Better Assessment Science for Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources) program, and the model was validated using monitoring data of $2002{\sim}2005$. The model efficiency of runoff ranged from good to fair in comparison between simulated and observed data, while it was from very good to poor in the water quality parameters. But its reliability and performance were within the expectation considering complexity of the watershed and pollutant sources. The nonpoint source (NPS) loading for T-N and T-P during the monsoon rainy season (June to September) was about 80% of total NPS loading, and runoff volume was also in a similar range. However, NPS loading for BOD ($55{\sim}60%$) didn't depend on rainfall because BOD was mostly discharged from point source (more than 70%). And water quality was not necessarily high during the rainy season, and showed a decreasing trend with increasing water flow. BASINS/HSPF was applied to the Hwaseong watershed successfully without difficulty, and it was found that the model could be used conveniently to assess watershed characteristics and to estimate pollutant loading including point and nonpoint sources in watershed scale.

• 한국관개배수논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.58-67
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• 2011

The HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran) model was applied to Mangyeong river watershed to examine its applicability through calibration using monitoring data. For the model application, digital maps were constructed for watershed boundary, land-use, Digital Elevation Model of Mangyeong river watershed using BASINS (Better Assessment Science for Intergrating point and Nonpoint Sources) program. The observed runoff was 1976.4mm while the simulated runoff was 1913.4mm from 2007 to 2008. The model results showed that the simulated runoff was in a good agreement with the observed data and indicated reasonable applicability of the model. In terms of water quality, trends of the observed value were in a good agreement with simulated value despite its model performance lower than expected. However, its reliability and performance were with the expectation considering complexity of the watershed, pollutant sources and land use intermixed in the watershed. Overall, we identified application of HSPF model as reliable evidence by model performance.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제47권7호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2005

The Hydrological Simulation Program - FORTRAN (HSPF) was modified to simulate nonpoint pollutant loadings from paddy fields using a field experimental data collected during 2001-2002. The concept of a 'dike height' was added in a modified HSPF code, named HSPF-Paddy, to consider the function of retaining water by a weir at the field outlet. The effect of fertilization on the variances of nutrients on the soil surface and shallow soil layer was described mathematically with a Dirac delta function (or first-order kinetics). As confirmed through model verification, the HSPF-Paddy modifications were shown to represent the function of retaining water, varied ponded water, and surface runoff by forced drain during both rainy and non-rainy seasons and reasonably predicted the water balance and nutrients behavior in paddy fields. It is a distributed watershed model which, with the paddy modifications, can now simulate nonpoint pollutant loadings where paddy fields are dominant, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of paddy fields on the water quality at a basin scale, and assess the impacts of proposed BMPs applied to paddy fields.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.212-222
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• 2013

A watershed model was constructed using Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran to quantitatively predict the stream flows at major tributaries of Nakdong River basin, Korea. The entire basin was divided into 32 segments to effectively account for spatial variations in meteorological data and land segment parameter values of each tributary. The model was calibrated at ten tributaries including main stream of the river for a three-year period (2008 to 2010). The deviation values (Dv) of runoff volumes for operational stream flow forecasting for a six month period (2012.1.2 to 2012.6.29) at the ten tributaries ranged from -38.1 to 23.6%, which is on average 7.8% higher than those of runoff volumes for model calibration (-12.5 to 8.2%). The increased prediction errors were mainly from the uncertainties of numerical weather prediction modeling; nevertheless the stream flow forecasting results presented in this study were in a good agreement with the measured data.