• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.565-577
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• 1999

The geometric patterns of a stream network in a drainage basin can be viewed as a "fractal" with fractal dimensions. Fractals provide a mathematical framework for treatment of irregular, ostensively complex shapes that show similar patterns or geometric characteristics over a range of scale. GIUH (Geomorphological Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph) is based on the hydrologic response of surface runoff in a catchment basin. This model incorporates geomorphologic parameters of a basin using Horton's order ratios. For an ordered drainage system, the fractal dimensions can be derived from Horton's laws of stream numbers, stream lengths and stream areas. In this paper, a fractal approach, which is leading to representation of a 2-parameter Gamma distribution type GIUH, has been carried out to incorporate the self similarity of the channel networks based on the high correlations between the Horton's order ratios. The shape and scale parameter of the GIUH-Nash model of IUH in terms of Horton's order ratios of a catchment proposed by Rosso(l984J are simplified by applying the fractal dimension of main stream length and channel network of a river basin. basin.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1121-1130
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• 2012

Projected changes and their impacts on water quality are simulated in response to climate change stressors. CGHR (T63) simulation on the A1B scenario is converted to regional scale data using a statistical down-scaling method and applied to SWAT model to assess water quality impacts in Nakdong River basin. The results demonstrate that rainfall-runoff and pollutant loading in the future (2011~2100) will clearly increase as compared to the last 30-year average. The rate of pollutant loading increase is expected to continue its acceleration until 2040s. Runoff also shows similar patterns to the precipitation, increasing by 60%. Accordingly, the runoff increase results in escalation of pollutant loading by 35~45% for TSS and 5~20% for T-P. This phenomenon is more pronounced in the upper basin during winter and spring season.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.553-564
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• 2018

Water use efficiency (WUE) is the amount of carbon uptake per unit of water use, which is a key measure of the functions of terrestrial ecosystems, as it is related to both the hydrologic and carbon cycles. Furthermore, it can vary with many factors, such as climate conditions and land cover characteristics, in different regions. In this study, we aim to understand the spatial and temporal variations in WUE on the Korean Peninsula as well as the associated response to drought. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-derived gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) datasets and climate data were used to derive a drought index. Based on the monthly WUE, we found that WUE decreased during the monsoon summer in all regions and for all vegetation types. Furthermore, the annual WUE was negatively correlated with the drought index, with increasing correlation coefficients from the northern region to the southern region of the Korean Peninsula.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.623-634
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• 2000

This study describes results of numerical simulations on river flow response due to global warming. Forecasts of changes in climatic conditions are required to estimate the hydrologic effects of increasing trace gas concentrations in the atmosphere. However, reliable forecasts of regional climate change are unavailable. In there absence, various approaches to the development of scenarios of future climatic conditions are used. The approach in this study is to prescribe climatic changes for a river basin in a simplified manner. As a rule, such scenarios specify air temperature increases from $0^{\circ}C\;to\;4.0^{\circ}C$ and precipitation change (increase or decrease) in the range of 0% to 15%. On the basis of acceptable supposition of warming scenarios. future daily streamflow is simulated using rainfall-runoff model in the Andong Dam basin. The numerical experiments have quantitatively revealed the change of discharge at 2010, 2020, 2030 and 2050 for each warming scenarios and compared it with the results for a non-warmmg scenano.cenano.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.1082-1086
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• 2008

소양강댐 유역에서 몇 년간 계속되는 고탁수 문제가 좀처럼 개선되고 있지 않는 실정이다. 탁수발생의 원인은 여러 가지가 있지만 농경지를 중심으로 유입되는 토양유실이 가장 직접적인 원인으로 지적되고 있다. 특히, 고랭지 농경지에서 소득 작물에 대한 연작피해 경감, 작물의 생산성 향상과 농민들의 소득 증대와 연관되어 무분별하게 농경지에 행해진 객토와 농약 및 비료는 수질 악화의 매우 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 이러한 문제로 인하여, 토양유실량 추정을 위한 여러 모형들이 개발되었다. 이 중, SWAT 모형은 미국 농무성의 농업연구소에서 개발된 유역단위 모형으로 대규모의 복잡한 유역에서 장기간에 걸친 다양한 종류의 토양과 토지이용 및 토지관리 상태에 따른 수문과 유사 및 농업화학물질의 거동에 대하여 예측하기 위해 개발된 모형이다. 이 SWAT모형은 유역내 수문 및 유사 모의시, DEM을 기반으로 유역 평균경사도를 이용하여 경사도-경사장 관계식 산정 경사장을 유역내 모든 수문학적 반응단위 (HRU: Hydrologic Response Unit)의 동일하게 적용한다. 이는 SWAT 모의 유사량과 실측 자료에 있어서 큰 차이를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해안면 지역의 모든 농경지에 대해 강원발전연구원에서 전수 조사한 실측 경사장 및 경사도 자료를 반영할 수 있도록 소유역내 모든 HRU에 면적 가중 경사도/경사장을 할당해 주는 프로그램을 개발하여 준분포 모형인 SWAT의 단점을 극복하였다. 그 결과 유출량의 경우 면적 가중 실측경사장 및 경사도를 적용 유무에 따라 월 평균유량 3,951,537 m3/month, 3,953,947 m3/month로 2,410 m3/month의 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 유사량의 경우 면적 가중 실측경사장 및 경사도 적용 하였을 경우 10,826 ton/month 이고, 기존 SWAT 예측 유사량은 월평균 3,642 ton/month으로 7,184 ton/month (66.4 % 차이) 큰 차이를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 SWAT 모형 적용시 경사장 및 경사도 산정에 따라, 유사량이 과소 또는 과대 평가 될 수 있음을 보여준다.

• KCID journal
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.262-273
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• 2006

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been widely used in hydrology and sediment simulation worldwide. In most cases, the SWAT model is first calibrated with adjustments in model parameters, and then the validation is performed. However, very little study regarding the effects on SWAT estimation of subwatershed delineation was performed. Thus, the SWAT model was applied to the Doam-dam watershed with various threshold values in subwatershed delineation in this study to examine the effects on the number of subwatershed delineated on SWAT estimation. It was found the flow effect of subwatershed delineation is negligible. However there were huge variations in SWAT estimated sediment, T-N, and T-P values with the use of various threshold value in watershed delineation. Sometimes these variations due to watershed delineation are beyond the effects of parameter adjustment in model calibration and validation. The SWAT is a semi-distributed modeling system, thus, the subwatershed characteristics are assumed to be the same for all Hydrologic Response Unit (HRU) within that subwatershed. This assumption leads to variations in the SWAT estimated sediment and nutrient output values. Therefore, it is strongly recommended the SWAT users need to use the HUR specific slope length and slope value in model runs, instead of using the slope and the corresponding slope length of the subawatershed to exclude the effects of the number of subwatershed delineated on the SWAT estimation.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-187
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• 1998

The spatially integrated model (SIM) which can evaluate temporal variation of groundwater quality is proposed in the stream-aquifer setting entered by nonpoint source contaminants. And the developed SIM included unsaturated soil zone and was tested against the spatially distributed model (SDM) of the coupled advection-dispersion and Richards equations for the various hydrologic and aquifer simulating conditions. The result of the comparison showed that the average concentration responses of saturated aquifer and groundwater outflow between the SIM and the SDM was in good agreement, except for the case of the large dispersivity ratio and thick aquifer system. And it is shown that for the cases of the large dispersivity ratio and thick aquifer system the performance of the nonlinear SIM is better than that of the linear SIM for evaluating the average concentration of groundwater outflow response.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2005

In this study, the PRMS(Precipitation and Runoff Modeling System), developed by USGS(United States Geological Survey), was applied to the Yongdam dam watershed in the Geum River basin. The efficiency for runoff simulation and spatial characteristics of PRMS were evaluated. The runoff changes with the changes of subcatchments and HRUs were estimated. As results, the size of the subcatchment and HRV did not significantly affect the runoff at the exit of watershed. Consequently, the spatial characteristic of PRMS was shown as lumped type rather than semi-distributed. The geographical input data for Yongdam dam watershed were converted to the USGS Input type, and the parameters were calibrated using Rosenbrock optimization method, validated with the observed runoff data. The PRMS showed resonable agreements in the long-term continuous runoff simulation, if the accuracy of observed data is ensured.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.129-138
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• 2003

A new methodology for selecting spatially variable model control parameter values through consideration of inference models within a Hydroinformatic system has been developed to overcome problems associated with determination of spatially variable control parameter values for both ungauged and gauged catchment. The adopted Hydroinformatic tools for determination of control parameter values were a GIS(Arc/Info) to handle spatial and non-spatial attribute information, the SWMM(stormwater management model) to simulate catchment response to hydrologic events, and lastly, L_BFGS_B(a limited memory quasi-Newton algorithm) to assist in the calibration process. As a result, high accuracy of control parameter estimation was obtained by considering the spatial variations of the control parameters based on landuse characteristics. Also, considerable time and effort necessary for estimating a large number of control parameters were reduced from the new calibration approach.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.591-595
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• 2010

Conventional methods of model evaluation usually rely only on model performance based on a comparison of simulated variables to corresponding observations. However, this type of model evaluation has been criticized because of its insufficient consideration of the various uncertainty sources involved in modeling processes. This study aims to propose an extended model evaluation method using multiple assesment indices (MAIs) that consider not only the model performance but also the model structure and parameter uncertainties in rainfall-runoff modeling. A simple reservoir model (SFM) and distributed kinematic wave models (KWMSS1 and KWMSS2 using topography from 250m, 500m, and 1km digital elevation models) were developed and assessed by three MAIs for model performance, model structural stability, and parameter identifiability. All the models provided acceptable performance in terms of a global response, but the simpler SFM and KWMSS1 could not accurately represent the local behaviors of hydrographs. In addition, SFM and KWMSS1 were structurally unstable; their performance was sensitive to the applied objective functions. On the other hand, the most sophisticated model, KWMSS2, performed well, satisfying both global and local behaviors. KMSS2 also showed good structural stability, reproducing hydrographs regardless of the applied objective functions; however, superior parameter identifiability was not guaranteed. Numerous parameter sets could lead to indistinguishable hydrographs. This result supports that while making a model complex increases its performance accuracy and reduces its structural uncertainty, the model is likely to suffer from parameter uncertainty. The proposed model evaluation process can provide an effective guideline for identifying a reliable hydrologic model.