• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.299-308
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• 2000

This study was performed to elucidate the effects of Gokajisilsosiho-Tang(GJST) on the lactic dehydrogenase(LDH) release, cell viability and activity, lipid peroxidation, DNA synthesis and the changes of total protein synthesis and GSH changes in vivo and in vitro in rat cultured hepatocytes from hydrogen peroxide$(H_2O_2)$-induced injury. The GJST extract had not an effect on cytotoxicity in all experimental results. The treatment of GJST extract of $160{\mu}g/ml$, $320{\mu}g/ml$ showed the significant effect to decrease LDH leakage induced by t-BHP in cultured rat hepatocytes. The higher concentration of GJST extract than $160{\mu}g/ml$, showed the inhibitory effect on decreasing cell viability induced by t-BHP. The treatment of t-BHP to rat cultured hepatocytes resulted in a concentration dependent increase in TBARS, in the presence of GJST extract the production of TBARS induced by hydrogen peroxide was inhibited concentration dependently, significantly inhibited at $80{\mu}g/ml$ of GJST extract and above. The GJST extract simutaneously present with t-BHP prevented the loss of total protein and GSH in a concentration dependent manner. These results suggested that GJST extract may play a hepatoprotective role in oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and a therapeutic potential of inhibiting liver injury.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl (${\cdot}OH$), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) is reported to induce oxidative stress. ROS generated by oxidative stress can potentially damage glial cells in the nervous system. Cordyceps militaris (CM), a kind of natural herb widely found in East Asia. In this study, we investigated the free radical scavenging activity of the CM extract and its neuroprotective effects in $H_2O_2$-induced C6 glial cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: The ethanol extract of CM ($100-1,000{\mu}g/mL$) was used to measure DPPH, ${\cdot}OH$, and NO radical scavenging activities. In addition, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced C6 glial cells were treated with CM at $0.5-2.5{\mu}g/mL$ for measurement of cell viability, ROS production, and protein expression resulting from oxidative stress. RESULTS: The CM extract showed high scavenging activities against DPPH, ${\cdot}OH$, and NO radicals at concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. Treatment of CM with $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in C6 glial cells significantly increased cell viability, and decreased ROS production. Cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression was down-regulated in CM-treated groups. In addition, the protein expression level of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK), phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), and phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK) in $H_2O_2$-induced C6 glial cells was down-regulated upon CM administration. CONCLUSION: CM exhibited radical scavenging activity and protective effect against $H_2O_2$ as indicated by the increased cell viability, decreased ROS production, down-regulation of inflammation-related proteins as well as p-p38, p-JNK, and p-ERK protein levels. Therefore, we suggest that CM could play the protective role from oxidative stress in glial cells.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.389-397
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• 1996

Gatric mucosa is exposed to toxic, reactive oxygen species generated within the lumen. Nitric oxide protected acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by maintaining glutathione homeostasis. The present study examined the role of nitric oxide in mediating hydrogen peroxide - induced damage to gastric cells. Hydrogen peroxide was generated by glucose oxidase acting on ${\beta}-D-glucose$. L-arginine, $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester, or $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ were treated to the cells with glucose/glucose oxidase. Lipid peroxidation and nitrite release and cellular content of glutathione were determined. As a result, dose - dependent increase in lipid peroxide production as well as dose - dependent decrease in nitrite release and cellular glutathione content were observed in glucose/glucose oxidase - treated cells. Pretreatment of L-arginine, a substrate for nitric oxide synthase, prevented the increase of lipid peroxide production and the reduction of nitrite release as well as glutathione content. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase such as $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methyl ester and $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ did not protect hydrogen peroxide - induced cell damage. In conclusion, nitric oxide protects gestric cells from hydrogen peroxide possibly by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and by preserving cellular glutathione stores.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2005

Hydrogen-donating capacity, scavenging activity of reactive oxygen including superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide, metal-chelating activity, and reducing power of garlic extracts were investigated. All tested garlic extracts exhibited in vitro antioxidant activities, with Uiseong extract showing highest hydrogen-donating and hydrogen peroxide-scavenging activities, and reducing power, followed by Seosan and Samchek extracts, in proportion to total thiosulfinate contents. Higher scavenging activity of superoxide anion radical was observed in Uiseong than Seosan and Samchek extracts. Metal-chelating activity increased in order of Uiseong < Seosan < Samchek, showing inverse relations to total thiosulfinate content. Garlic extracts of Uiseong and Seosan showed weak prooxidant activities and that of Samchek showed strong antioxidant activity against $Cu^{+2}$-induced human LDL oxidation. Protective effects on peroxyl and hydroxyl radical-induced DNA strand damages were observed in all tested garlic cloves. These results indicate growing conditions of garlic cloves affect total thiosulfinate content and antioxidant activities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.158-165
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• 2022

Eco-friendly policies proposed by the government of The Republic of Korea have encouraged the use of eco-friendly vehicles. Hydrogen vehicles have exhibited the highest growth rate, although the current number of registered vehicles is low. In hydrogen vehicles, a thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD) is installed to prevent explosions in the hydrogen gas cylinder. When discharged due to low ignition energy, hydrogen gas readily forms a jet flame. The risks induced by such jet flames were analyzed through a numerical analysis. Jet flames can activate TPRDs installed in nearby hydrogen gas cylinders. As a result, high-voltage cables exposed in the lower area of a vehicle can ignite within seconds. There was a 9.5-kW/m2 area around the vehicle (which can result in casualties) at a distance of ~5 m from the hydrogen gas cylinder, and a 37.5-kW/m2 area (which can cause significant damage) in the form of an inverted triangle toward the lower section of the vehicle. We believe that the risk factors analyzed herein should be considered for addressing accidents in hydrogen vehicles.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1251-1256
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• 2005

In this study, we evaluated the cytoprotective effects of antioxidative substances in hydrogen peroxide ($H_{2}O_{2}$) treated Mel-Ab melanocytes. Tested substances include selenium, quercetin, green tea (GT) extract, and several vitamins (ascorbic acid, Trolox, and folic acid). Of these, both quercetin and GT extract were found to have strong cytoprotective effects on $H_{2}O_{2}$­induced cell death. We also examined additive effects, but no combination of two of any of the above substances was found to act synergistically against oxidative damage in Mel-Ab cells. Nevertheless, a multi-combination of GT extract, quercetin, and folic acid appeared to prevent cellular damage in a synergistic manner, which suggests that combinations of antioxidants may be of importance, and that co-treatment with antioxidants offers a possible means of treating vitiligo, which is known to be related to melanocyte oxidative stress.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.197-207
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• 2006

Cajanus indicus is a herb with medicinal properties and is traditionally used to treat various forms of liver disorders. Present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 43 kD protein isolated from the leaves of this herb against chloroform induced hepatotoxicity. Male albino mice were intraperitoneally treated with 2mg/kg body weight of the protein for 5 days followed by oral application of chloroform (0.75ml/kg body weight) for 2 days. Different biochemical parameters related to physiology and pathophysiology of liver, such as, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase were determined in the murine sera under various experimental conditions. Direct antioxidant role of the protein was also determined from its reaction with Diphenyl picryl hydraxyl radical, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. To find out the mode of action of this protein against chloroform induced liver damage, levels of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase were measured from liver homogenates. Peroxidation of membrane lipids both in vivo and in vitro were also measured as malonaldialdehyde. Finally, histopathological analyses were done from liver sections of control, toxin treated and protein pre- and post-treated (along with the toxin) mice. Levels of serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase, which showed an elevation in chloroform induced hepatic damage, were brought down near to the normal levels with the protein pretreatment. On the contrary, the levels of anti-oxidant enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione-S-transferase that had gone down in mice orally fed with chloroform were significantly elevated in protein pretreated ones. Besides, chloroform induced lipid peroxidation was effectively reduced by protein treatment both in vivo and in vitro. In cell free system the protein effectively quenched diphenyl picryl hydrazyl radical and superoxide radical, though it could not catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Post treatment with the protein for 3 days after 2 days of chloroform administration showed similar results. Histopathological studies indicated that chloroform induced extensive tissue damage was less severe in the mice livers treated with the 43 kD protein prior and post to the toxin administration. Results from all these data suggest that the protein possesses both preventive and curative role against chloroform induced hepatotoxicity and probably acts by an anti-oxidative defense mechanism.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2006

The protective properties of Satureja hortensis L. on the rat lymphocytes DNA lesions were tested. Lymphocytes were isolated from blood samples taken from healthy rats. DNA breaks and resistance to $H_{2}O_{2}$-induced damage were measured with the comet assay. Rat lymphocytes were incubated in S. hortensis ethanolic extract (SHE) (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 mg/mL), essential oil (SHEO)(0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 ${mu}L/mL$), $H_{2}O_{2}$ (50, 100, and 200 ${\mu}M$), a combination of $H_{2}O_{2}$ (200 mM) with either SHE (1.0, 2.5 mg/mL) or SHEO (1.0, 2.5 ${\mu}L/mL$) at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and the extent of DNA migration was measured using a single-cell microgel electrophoresis technique under alkaline conditions. Treatment of rat lymphocytes with SHE or SHEO resulted in significant reduction of $H_{2}O_{2}$-induced DNA damage compared to controls. SHE exhibited a significant (P<0.01) inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage at 2.5 mg/mL. SHEO (1.0 and 2.5 ${\mu}L/mL$) also showed significant inhibitory effects (P<0.01) on $H_{2}O_{2}$ induced chromosomal damage. In conclusion both the ethanolic extract and the essential oil of the plant reversed the oxidative damage to rat lymphocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

In this study, we investigated the anti oxidative potential and protective effects of water extract of Leonurus sibiricus L. leaf (LSLW) against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced oxidative damage in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). To evaluate the anti oxidative activity of LSLW, we measured DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion scavenging activities, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and reducing power of LSLW. For induction of oxidative stress in HaCaT cells, the cells were irradiated with UVB at 40 mJ/㎠. To investigate the protective effects of LSLW against UVB, we measured cell viability and apoptotic bodies using annexin V staining. LSLW showed anti oxidative activities by scavenging DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion and by reducing lipid peroxidation. In addition, LSLW showed high reducing values. The UVB-induced oxidative conditions led to cell apoptosis. However, treatment with LSLW ameliorated oxidative stress conditions, including inhibition of cell death, apoptotic body. Taken together, LSLW exhibited anti oxidative and protective effects against UVB-induced damage in HaCaT cells. Thus, LSLW could be useful for the development of cosmetics for UVB-induced skin aging.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of the hot water extract from red bean (Phaseolus angularis) against oxidative DNA and cell damage induced by hydroxyl radical. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, and $Fe^{2+}$-chelating assay. Although the extract with hot water didn't scavenge the hydroxyl radical, it removed and chelated hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron necessary for the induction of hydroxyl radical by 71% and 64% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Its protective effect on oxidative DNA damage was carried using ${\Psi}$X-174 RF I plasmid DNA comparing the conversion level of supercoiled form of the plasmid DNA into open-circular form and linear form and the expression level of phospho-H2AX in NIH 3T3 cells. In ${\Psi}$X-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay, it inhibited oxidative DNA damage by 96% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. Also, it decreased the expression of phospho-H2AX by 50.1% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. Its protective effect against oxidative cell damage was measured by MTT assay and the expression level of p21 protein in NIH 3T3 cells. In MTT assay for the protective effect against the oxidative cell damage, it inhibited the oxidative cell death and the abnormal cell growth induced by hydroxyl radical. Also, it inhibited p21 protein expression by 98% at 200 ${\mu}g/ml$. In conclusion, the results of the present studies indicate that hot water extract from red bean exhibits antioxidant properties and inhibit oxidative DNA damage and the cell death caused by hydroxyl radical.