• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제53권6호
• /
• pp.1736-1746
• /
• 2021

The results of full-scale numerical experiments of a hybrid thorium-containing fuel cell facility operating in a close-to-critical state due to a controlled source of fusion neutrons are discussed in this work. The facility under study was a complex consisting of two blocks. The first block was based on the concept of a high-temperature gas-cooled thorium reactor core. The second block was an axially symmetrical extended plasma generator of additional neutrons that was placed in the near-axial zone of the facility blanket. The calculated models of the blanket and the plasma generator of D-T neutrons created within the work allowed for research of the neutronic parameters of the facility in stationary and pulse-periodic operation modes. This research will make it possible to construct a safe facility and investigate the properties of thorium fuel, which can be continuously used in the epithermal spectrum of the considered hybrid fusion-fission reactor.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.971-979
• /
• 2011

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is the mixed organic wastewater generated from palm oil industry. In this study, kinetic analysis with treating POME in an anaerobic hybrid reactor (AHR) was performed. Therefore, the AHR was monitored for its performances with respect to the changes of COD concentrations and hydraulic retention time (HRT). Batch tests were performed to find out the substrate removal kinetics by granular sludge from POME. Modified Stover Kincannon, First-order, Monod, Grau second-order kinetic models were used to analyze the performance of reactor. The results from the batch test indicate that the substrate removal kinetics of granular sludge is corresponds to follow Monod's theory. However, Grau second-order model were the most appropriate models for the continuous test in the AHR. The second order kinetic constant, saturation value constant, maximum substrate removal rate, and first-order kinetic constant were 2.60/day, 41.905 g/L-day, 39.683 g/L-day, and 1.25/day respectively. And the most appropriate model was Grau second-order kinetic model comparing the model prediction values and measured COD concentrations of effluent, whereas modified Stover-Kincannon model showed the lowest correlation.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.21-29
• /
• 2013

Present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Anaerobic Hybrid Reactor (AHR) combined with two types of anaerobic attached growth reactors at mesophilic temperature ($37^{\circ}C$). The reactor was operated at the influent substrate condition of 19,400 mg/L soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD). The organic loading rate (OLR) and flow rate were varied in the range of $9.5{\sim}22.5kg/m^3$. day and 10.6 ~ 26.0 L/day respectively since start-up was done. The COD removal efficiency of 93 % was measured at the OLR of $14kg/m^3$. day in AHR. However a reduction in removal efficiency to as low as 85 % could have been related to a combined effect of high concentration suspended solids (SS) concentration over 3,800 mg/L. On the other hand the total COD removal efficiencies were measured to be 96.3 % and 96.2 % for AHR+APF and AHR+ADF respectively. The pH of the POME was adjusted to neutral range by using sodium bicarbonate at the initial stages of the reactor feed, later stages pH adjustment was not required as the pH was maintained in the desired neutral range due to self-buffering capacity of the reactor. The reactor proved to be economically acceptable and operationally stable. The biogas was measured to have $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ with a ratio of 35:65, and methane gas production rate was estimated to be $0.17{\sim}10.269L\;CH_4/g\;COD_{removed}$.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 2015

D염색공단의 폴리에스테르 알카리 감량폐수가 혼합된 실제 혼합염색폐수를 처리하기 위하여 Pseudomonas sp. 및 Bacillus cereus/thuringiensis를 고정한 폐타이어담체를 충전한 유동상 바이오필터를 운전하였다. 또한 유동상 바이오필터와 450 W의 UV/광촉매반응기를 결합한 하이브리드 재순환시스템을 구축하여 stage I에서는 UV/광촉매반응기를 바이패스하고 유동상 바이오필터만을, stage II-i, ii, iii에서는 하이브리드 재순환시스템을 각각 운전하였다. 유동상 바이오필터만을 사용하였을 경우에 $COD_{Cr}$ 및 색도 제거효율은 각각 75~80% 및 67%를 나타내었다. 한편 하이브리드 재순환시스템 운전에서 stage I에서 stage II-i로 전환되었을 때에 UV/광촉매산화공정의 $COD_{Cr}$ 제거율이 20~30%에 달하여 총 $COD_{Cr}$ 제거율은 75%로부터 80~85%까지 제고되었다. 한편 stage I에서 stage II-i로 전환되었을 때에 UV/광촉매산화공정의 색도제거율은 0~5%에 불과하였으나 총 색도제거율은 45~65%로부터 65~70%까지 제고되었다. 색도 제거에서는 $COD_{Cr}$ 제거와 다르게 UV/광촉매산화공정에 의하여 유동상 바이오필터의 효율이 제고되어서 하이브리드 재순환시스템의 시너지효과가 나타났다. 또한 색도제거에서는 $COD_{Cr}$ 제거와 다르게 반송비 증가에 따른 광촉매 비활성화가 관찰되지 않았고, $COD_{Cr}$ 제거에서 반송비 증가에 따른 광촉매 비활성화는 비가역적으로 관찰되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.272-278
• /
• 2013

퇴비공장 또는 공공시설에서 발생되는 악취폐가스의 대표적인 제거대상 오염원인 암모니아를 포함한 악취폐가스를 처리하기 위하여 여러 운전 조건 하에서의 광촉매반응기와 바이오필터로 구성된 하이브리드시스템을 운전하였다. 암모니아 총 제거효율은 하이브리드시스템의 운전부하가 운전 단계별로 커졌음에도 불구하고 약 80%로 유지되었다. 광촉매반응기에서의 암모니아 제거효율은 광촉매반응기로의 암모니아 유입부하량이 증가함에 따라서 광촉매반응기의 암모니아 제거효율은 65%에서 약 22%로 감소하였다. 같은 암모니아 유입부하량일지라도 암모니아농도가 클 때보다 적은 경우에 광촉매반응기의 암모니아 제거효율이 상대적으로 높았다. 반면에 바이오필터의 경우는 운전 전반부에는 암모니아 처리효율이 현저하게 억제되었으나 광촉매반응기의 경우와 반대로 시간이 경과하면서 암모니아 유입부하량이 증가함에도 불구하고 바이오필터의 암모니아 제거효율은 지속적으로 약 78%까지 증가하여서 Lee 등의 연구결과에서의 암모니아 제거효율과 비슷하게 도달하였다. 광촉매반응기에 의한 최대 암모니아 제거용량($EC_{PR}$)은 약 16 g-N/$m^3$/h 이었고, 바이오필터에 의한 암모니아 제거용량($EC_{BF}$)은 운전 초기에 암모니아 총 부하가 작은 경우에는 암모니아 총 부하증가에 따른 $EC_{BF}$의 증가추세가 미약하였으나 운전 후반부에 암모니아 총 부하가 큰 경우에는 암모니아 총 부하증가에 따른 $EC_{BF}$의 증가추세가 급격하게 커졌다. 하이브리드시스템 운전 6단계에서 암모니아 총 부하가 약 80 g-N/$m^3$/h일 때에 광촉매반응기에서의 $EC_{PR}$은 약 16 g-N/$m^3$/h이었고, 2차 공정이고 주공정인 바이오필터에 걸리는 암모니아 부하는 나머지인 약 64 g-N/$m^3$/h이고 주공정인 바이오필터의 $EC_{BF}$은 약 48 g-N/$m^3$/h로 산출되었다. 이러한 바이오필터의 암모니아 제거용량은 Kim 등의 연구결과로서 최대 암모니아 제거용량인 1,200 g-N/$m^3$/day와 거의 비슷하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.122-132
• /
• 2009

Adsorption of toluene by activated carbon fiber (ACF) coated with dielectric heating element and desorption by applying microwave were investigated. In order to prepare adsorbent so that VOC can be desorbed by microwave heating, fine dielectric heating element with nano size was coated on the surface of the ACF using hybrid binder. Eight adsorbents (ACF-DHE, Activated Carbon Fiber coated with Dielectric Heating Element) were prepared with different amount of dielectric heating element, kinds of hybrid binder, and solvent. In order to investigate adsorption characteristics, BET surface area, pore volume, and average pore size were measured for each adsorbent including ACF. Breakthrough experiments with toluene concentration, flow rate, bed length using fixed bed reactor were performed to investigate adsorbality of adsorbent, and results were compared with that of the ACF. Desorption reactor was constructed with modified microwave oven to investigate heating effect on ACF-DHE by applying microwave power. Each adsorbent saturated with toluene were put into desorption reactor. Composition of desorbed gas generated by applying controlled microwave power to reactor was measured. Up to now, hot air desorption method has been used. Experimental results showed that desorption method with new adsorbent prepared by coating dielectric heating element on ACF can be used for industrial application.

• 산업기술연구
• /
• 제30권A호
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2010

We analyzed the effects of several process variables on the $SO_2$ removal and particle growth by the dielectric barrier discharge - photocatalysts hybrid process. In this process, $SO_2$ was converted into the ammonium sulfate ($(NH_4)_2SO_4$) particles. The size and crystallinity of ammonium sulfate particles were examined by using TEM and XRD analysis. The dielectric barrier discharge reactor consisted of two zones: the first is for plasma generation and the second is for ammonium sulfate particles formation and growth. The first zone of reactor was filled with glass beads as a dielectric material. To enhance $SO_2$ removal process, the $TiO_2$ photocatalysts were coated on glass beads by dip-coating method. As the voltage applied to the plasma reactor or the pulse frequency of applied voltage increases, the $SO_2$ removal efficiency increases. Also as the initial concentration of $SO_2$ decreases or as the residence time increases, the $SO_2$ removal efficiency increases. $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ particles continue to grow by particle coagulation and surface reaction, moving inside the reactor. Larger particles in site are produced according to the increase of residence time or $SO_2$ concentrations.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.44-53
• /
• 2011

Membrane bio-reactor (MBR) has several advantages over the conventional activated sludge process, including a high biomass, low sludge production, and better permeate quality. Therefore, the MBR have gained popularity for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment. However the MBR usually were used for sewage and low streng th wastewater treatment because of membrane fouling problem and limitation of oxygen transfer into biomass. In this study, the hybrid process combining MBR and pure oxygen was tested for high strength organic wastewater treatment in the COD loading range from 2 to $10kgCOD/m^3{\cdot}day$. The hybrid process, membrane coupled pure oxygen high compact reactor (MPHCR), had been operated for one year and operation parameters, the effect of COD loading, MLSS concentration and the location of membrane module were studied for membrane fouling characteristic. Also membrane resistance test and the component of foulant was analyzed to investigate what is specific foulant in the MBR.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제54권9호
• /
• pp.3242-3249
• /
• 2022

As Kori unit 1 is undergoing the decommissioning process, estimating the disposal amount of waste from the decommissioned nuclear reactor has become one of the challenging issues. Since the waste disposal amount estimation depends on the packing of the waste, it is highly desirable to optimize the waste packing plan. In this study, we developed an efficient scheme for packing waste component segments. The scheme consists of 1) preparing three-dimensional models of segments, 2) orienting each segment in such a way to minimize the bounding box volume, and 3) applying hybrid genetic algorithm to pack the segments in the disposal containers. When the packing solution converges in the algorithm, it comes up with the number of containers used and the placement of segments in each container. The scheme was applied to Kori-1 reactor pressure vessel. The required number of containers calculated by the developed scheme was 24 compared to 42 that was the estimation of the prior packing plan, resulting in disposal volume savings by more than 40%. The developed method is flexible for applications to various packing problems with waste segments from different cutting options and different sizes of containers.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제60권3호
• /
• pp.452-458
• /
• 2022

3가지 종류의 기-액 하이브리드 수평형, 수직형 그리고 needle-to-cylinder형 플라즈마 반응기가 제작되었다. 이들 반응기를 통하여 대기압 플라즈마 방전에서 발생하는 반응 활성종 생성과 전극 내의 전위차를 통한 세정성분의 기-액 활성화 반응을 일으키는 고효율 친환경 기반의 세정 개념을 제시하였다. 세정성능에 대한 효율성을 비교한 결과, needle-to-cylinder형 반응기가 가장 우수한 특성을 가졌다. 본 연구를 통해 기-액 하이브리드 대기압 플라즈마 반응기가 반도체 공정 등 초정밀 세정공정에 응용 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.