• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.770-777
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• 2012

This paper deals with the design and modal characteristics analysis of a drive-train for a paralleltype hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The function of the drive-train system (DTS) in the HEV combines or divides the torque and velocity from the internal combustion engine along with the induction motor. The system consists of a compound planetary gear and unit's electromagnetic clutch to provide the operation modes such as Engine Only (EO), Electric Vehicle (EV), and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) modes. In order to investigate the characteristics of the velocity and torque flow for the system, dynamic models of the HEV with DTS are derived from the prototype DTS. The performance of the derived dynamic models is evaluated by both computer simulations and experiments according to each mode.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.489-512
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• 2021

In this study, two powerful techniques, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) were selected and combined with a pre-developed ANN model aiming at improving its performance prediction of the compressive strength of concrete modified with fly ash. To achieve this study's aims, a comprehensive database with 379 data samples was collected from the available literature. The output of the database is the compressive strength (CS) of concrete samples, which are influenced by 9 parameters as model inputs, namely those related to mix composition. The modeling steps related to ICA-ANN (or neuro-imperialism) and PSO-ANN (or neuro-swarm) were conducted through the use of several parametric studies to design the most influential parameters on these hybrid models. A comparison of the CS values predicted by hybrid intelligence techniques with the experimental CS values confirmed that the neuro-swarm model could provide a higher degree of accuracy than another proposed hybrid model (i.e., neuro-imperialism). The train and test correlation coefficient values of (0.9042 and 0.9137) and (0.8383 and 0.8777) for neuro-swarm and neuro-imperialism models, respectively revealed that although both techniques are capable enough in prediction tasks, the developed neuro-swarm model can be considered as a better alternative technique in mapping the concrete strength behavior.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.507-527
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• 2023

Accurately estimation of the geo-mechanical parameters in Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) is a most important scientific topic in soil improvement and geotechnical engineering. In order for this, one way is using classical and conventional constitutive models based on different theories like critical state theory, Hooke's law, and so on, which are time-consuming, costly, and troublous. The others are the application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to predict considered parameters and behaviors accurately. This study presents a comprehensive data-mining-based model for predicting the Young's Modulus of frozen sand under the triaxial test. For this aim, several single and hybrid models were considered including additive regression, bagging, M5-Rules, M5P, random forests (RF), support vector regression (SVR), locally weighted linear (LWL), gaussian process regression (GPR), and multi-layered perceptron neural network (MLP). In the present study, cell pressure, strain rate, temperature, time, and strain were considered as the input variables, where the Young's Modulus was recognized as target. The results showed that all selected single and hybrid predicting models have acceptable agreement with measured experimental results. Especially, hybrid Additive Regression-Gaussian Process Regression and Bagging-Gaussian Process Regression have the best accuracy based on Model performance assessment criteria.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2022

Recently, steel-timber hybrid buildings have become prevalent worldwide because several advantages of both steel and timber structures are maintained in the hybrid system. In Taiwan, seismic design specification related to steel-timber hybrid buildings remains void. In this study, the ductility capacity of steel-timber hybrid buildings in Taiwanese seismic design specification is first proposed and evaluated using nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Three non-linear structural models, 12-story, 8-story, and 6-story steel-timer hybrid buildings were constructed using OpenSees. In each model, Douglas-fir was adopted to assemble the upper 4 stories as a timber structure while a conventional steel moment-resisting frame was designated in the lower part of the model. FEMA P-695 methodology was employed to perform IDAs considering 44 earthquakes to assess if the ductility capacity of steel-timber hybrid building is appropriate. The analytical results indicate that the current ductility capacity of steel moment-resisting frames can be directly applied to steel-timber hybrid buildings if the drift ratio of each story under the seismic design force for buildings in Taiwan is less than 0.3%. As a result, engineers are able to design a steel-timber hybrid building straightforwardly by following current design specification. Otherwise, the ductility capacity of steel-timber hybrid buildings must be modified which depends on further studies in the future.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2011년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.2409-2421
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 지진하중에 의한 1경간 1층 강재골조구조에 대한 하이브리드 실험을 수행하였다. 오른쪽 기둥 1개소와 상부의 트러스요소 또는 보요소는 수치해석모형으로, 왼쪽기둥 1개소는 물리적 부분구조모형으로 선택하여 요소의 성능 및 거동을 평가하였다. 실험은 1자유도 또는 3자유도만을 고려하여 실시간으로 하이브리드 실험을 수행하였으며, 이를 위한 제어 알고리즘은 MATLAB/Simulink를 이용한 방법과 OpenSees, OpenFresco와 xPCTarget를 이용하는 방법으로 나누어 수행하였다. 그리고 수치해석모형과 물리적 부분구조모형의 실시간 데이터 통신을 위하여 SCRAMNet을 사용하였다. 파이버단면을 이용한 구조해석이 가능한 OpenSees를 사용하여 수치해석을 실시하였으며, 실시간 하이브리드 실험결과를 이와 비교하였다. 단순한 구조모형을 이용하여 제어시스템의 유효성을 검증하고자 실시간 하이브리드 실험이 실시되었으며, 추후 심각한 비선형성을 갖거나 복잡한 구조물의 하이브리드 실험으로 확장할 예정이다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.391-407
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• 2017

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars have been recently used to reinforce concrete members in flexure due to their high tensile strength and especially in corrosive environments to improve the durability of concrete structures. However, FRPs have a low modulus of elasticity and a linear elastic behavior up to rupture, thus reinforced concrete (RC) components with such materials would exhibit a less ductility in comparison with steel reinforcement at the similar members. There were several studies showed the behavior of concrete beams with the hybrid combination of steel and FRP longitudinal reinforcement by adopting the experimental and numerical programs. The current study presents a numerical and analytical investigation based on the data of previous researches. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models of beams by using ANSYS are built and investigated. In addition, this study also discusses on the design methods for hybrid FRP-steel beams in terms of ultimate moment capacity, load-deflection response, crack width, and ductility. The effects of the reinforcement ratio, concrete compressive strength, arrangement of reinforcement, and the length of FRP bars on the mechanical performance of hybrid beams are considered as a parametric study by means of FE method. The results obtained from this study are compared and verified with the experimental and numerical data of the literature. This study provides insight into the mechanical performances of hybrid FRP-steel RC beams, builds the reliable FE models which can be used to predict the structural behavior of hybrid RC beams, offers a rational design method together with an useful database to evaluate the ductility for concrete beams with the combination of FRP and steel reinforcement, and motivates the further development in the future research by applying parametric study.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제54권spc1호
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• pp.1037-1051
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• 2021

주요한 수질지표 중의 하나인 생물화학적 산소요구량(BOD) 농도는 호소와 하천에서 생태학적 측면에서 관측항목으로 취급하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 대한민국의 도산 및 황지지점에서 BOD 농도예측을 위하여 새로운 이단계 하이브리드 패러다임(웨이블릿 기반 게이트 순환 유닛, 웨이블릿 기반 일반화된 회귀신경망, 그리고 웨이블릿 기반 랜덤 포레스트) 을 활용하였다. 이러한 모형들은 각 대응하는 독립모형들(게이트 순환 유닛, 일반화된 회귀신경망, 그리고 랜덤 포레스트) 과 함께 평가되었다. 다양한 수질 및 수량지표들이 여러 개의 입력조합(분류1-5) 을 기본으로 하여 독립 및 이단계 하이브리드 모형을 개발하기 위하여 구현되었다. 언급한 모형들은 root mean squared error (RMSE), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), 그리고 correlation coefficient (CC) 를 포함한 세 개의 통계지표로서 평가되었으며, 통계결과치를 분석하면 이단계 하이브리드 모형들이 항상 대응하는 독립모형들의 예측 정도를 개선하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 대한민국의 도산관측소에서는 DWT-RF5 (RMSE = 0.108 mg/L) 모형이 다른 최적모형과 비교하여 BOD 농도의 더 정확한 예측을 나타내었으며, 황지관측소에서는 DWT-GRNN4 (RMSE = 0.132 mg/L) 모형이 BOD 농도를 예측하는 최고의 모형이다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.1590-1609
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• 2021

Laughter is one of the most important nonverbal sound that human generates. It is a means for expressing his emotions. The acoustic and contextual features of this specific sound are different from those of speech and many difficulties arise during their modeling process. During this work, we propose an audio laughter generation system based on unsupervised generative models: the autoencoder (AE) and its variants. This procedure is the association of three main sub-process, (1) the analysis which consist of extracting the log magnitude spectrogram from the laughter database, (2) the generative models training, (3) the synthesis stage which incorporate the involvement of an intermediate mechanism: the vocoder. To improve the synthesis quality, we suggest two hybrid models (LSTM-VAE, GRU-VAE and CNN-VAE) that combine the representation learning capacity of variational autoencoder (VAE) with the temporal modelling ability of a long short-term memory RNN (LSTM) and the CNN ability to learn invariant features. To figure out the performance of our proposed audio laughter generation process, objective evaluation (RMSE) and a perceptual audio quality test (listening test) were conducted. According to these evaluation metrics, we can show that the GRU-VAE outperforms the other VAE models.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1081-1103
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• 2014

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) has emerged as an important tool for testing large and complex structures with a focus on rate-dependent specimen behavior. Due to the real-time constraints, accurate dynamic control of servo-hydraulic actuators is required. These actuators are necessary to realize the desired displacements of the specimen, however they introduce unwanted dynamics into the RTHS loop. Model-based actuator control strategies are based on linearized models of the servo-hydraulic system, where the controller is taken as the model inverse to effectively cancel out the servo-hydraulic dynamics (i.e., model-based feedforward control). An accurate model of a servo-hydraulic system generally contains more poles than zeros, leading to an improper inverse (i.e., more zeros than poles). Rather than introduce additional poles to create a proper inverse controller, the higher order derivatives necessary for implementing the improper inverse can be calculated from available information. The backward-difference method is proposed as an alternative to discretize an improper continuous time model for use as a feedforward controller in RTHS. This method is flexible in that derivatives of any order can be explicitly calculated such that controllers can be developed for models of any order. Using model-based feedforward control with the backward-difference method, accurate actuator control and stable RTHS are demonstrated using a nine-story steel building model implemented with an MR damper.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2016

To satisfy the requirement of magnetically suspended control moment gyroscope (MSCMG) that magnetic bearing can provide torque, a novel 4DOF hybrid magnetic bearing (HMB) with integrated structure was designed. Mathematical models of forces and torques are established by using equivalent magnetic circuit method. The current stiffness, displacement stiffness, tilting current stiffness and angular stiffness of the 4DOF hybrid magnetic bearing are derived by the mathematical models. Equivalent magnetic circuit method and finite element method (FEM) simulation results indicate that the force has a good linear relationship with both displacement and current, and the torque has a good linear relationship with angular displacement and current. The novel 4DOF HMB is capable of achieving control in both two radial translational degrees of freedom (DOF) and also two radial rotational DOFs. The 4DOF HMB is well adapted to MSCMG system, exhibiting advantages in the controllable DOF, light weight and easy to control.