• Neonatal Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.104-110
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The unique nutrient requirements of premature infants necessitate knowledge of the composition of human milk produced by mothers of such infants. We investigated longitudinal changes in iron concentration of preterm human milk and compared to those observed in human milk of mothers of 1-week old term infants to determine optimal iron supplementation guidelines when preterm infants are nourished exclusively by breast feeding. Methods: Human milk samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks postpartum from 103 mothers who delivered infants of gestational age <34 weeks or weighing <1,800 g. Term human milk samples were collected at 1 week postpartum from 24 mothers. Results: There were no significant differences in the iron concentrations of preterm human milk obtained at 2 to 8 weeks postpartum (36.3${\pm}$23.1 to 45.8${\pm}$26.0 $\mu$g/dL), but these concentrations were higher than those noted at 1 week in preterm (23.1${\pm}$14.6 $\mu$g/ dL) and term (25.2${\pm}$7.55 $\mu$g/dL) infants. The iron concentration in preterm human milk obtained at corrected term age (42.2${\pm}$19.4 $\mu$g/dL) was significantly higher than that of mature term human milk (25.2${\pm}$7.55 $\mu$g/dL). Conclusion: The concentration of iron in preterm human milk was consistently low during the first 3 months of lactation. Supplementation with iron of at least 2 mg/kg/day should be considered for preterm infants who are exclusively breastfed and who have low body iron stores, to meet the minimum enteral iron requirements recommended by AAP-CON (2004).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.137-143
• /
• 1995

In this study, lipid composition of milk obtained in colostrum from 22 mothers delivering preterm infants and 17 mothers delivering term infants was analyzed. Fatty acid composition and vitamin E content were analyzed as well as the concentrations of total lipids in preterm and fullterm milk. Lipid and cholestol concentrations were higher in the fulltrm milk than preterm milk. PUFA and P/S ratio in preterm milk were higher than those in fullterm milk. On the other hand, SFA and MUFA contents were higher in the fullterm milk. Vitamin E which is related to PUFA concentration in colostrum was also higher in the preterm milk than fullterm milk.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
• /
• 2003.06a
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 2003

The milk of transgenic animals may provide an attractive vehicle for large-scale production of hEPO. Since glycosylation is cell type specific, recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in different host cells contain different patterns of oligosaccharides, which could affect the biological functions. However, there have been no reports on the characteristics of rhEPO derived from milk of transgenic animals. To address this objective, several transgenic mice by using pWAPhEPO and/or pBC1hEPO expression vector were produced. However, 2 lines of pWAPhEPO founder female mouse died during late gestational day (day 18) before offspring could be obtained. They showed a severe splenomegaly, Unlike those of pWAPhEPO, mammary gland epithelial cells from biopsies of lactating pBC1hEPO transgenic mice had marked immunoreactivity to EPO and any activity was not detected in other tissues. The expression level of rhEPO is about 0.7% of mammary gland cellular total soluble proteins and an amount of 300~500 mg/L rhEPO is secreted into milk. Furthermore, the pBC1hEPO transgenic mice transmitted this character to their progeny in mendelian manner. In order to determine the extent of glycosylation variation, N-linked oligosaccharide structures present in the milk-derived rhEPO were characterized. Most of milk-derived rhEPO is fully glycosylated. the biological activity of milk-derived rhEPO was comparable to that of purified CHO-derived rhEPO, and milk-derived rhEPO showed relatively stable after freezing and thawing. Taken together, the results illustrate the potential of transgenic animals in the large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.772-782
• /
• 1993

This study was conducted to assess the relationships between maternal dietary intakes and milk contents of minerals and trace elements, and the correlation among levels of these milk constituents. Maternal dietary intakes were measured and milk samples were collected at 2∼5 days, 2, 4, 6 and 12 weeks postpartum from 29 lactating women. The results obtained are sumarized as follows: 1) The overall mean nutrient intakes of lactating women in this study were below the recommended allowances and there were extensive individual variations between subjects. 2) Concentrations of minerals and trace elements in matured human milk showed the same range reported from different countries with the exception of calcium, magnesium, manganese and molybdenum which were relatively high. 3) There were no significant relationships between maternal dietary intakes of minerals and the corresponding mineral levels of human milk. In addition, no significant correlations were found between maternal vitamin C intake and the iron contents of milk. These were significant positive correlations between maternal calcium intake and the magnesium level of milk ; between maternal protein intake and the contents of zinc and copper in human milk. Maternal energy intake was negatively correlated with milk sodium level. 4) Pearson correlation coefficient showed positive significant relationships between levels of 17 pairs of various mineral and trace elements : sodium and potassium, iron ; potassium and calcium, phosphors, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese ; calcium and magnesium, iron manganese, molybdenm, nickel ; magnesium and iron, molybdenum ; iron and copper ; nickel and manganese.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.96.1-96.1
• /
• 2008

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
• /
• 2008.10a
• /
• pp.94.2-94.2
• /
• 2008

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.51 no.7
• /
• pp.704-712
• /
• 2008

Purpose : A prospective, controlled trial was conducted to evaluate growth, efficacy, safety and nutritional status for very low birth weight infants fed with human milk fortified with Maeil human milk fortifier (Maeil $HMF^{(R)}$; Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd.). Methods : We enrolled 45 premature infants with a birth weight <1,500 g and gestational age <33 weeks, who were born at Dong-A University Hospital from October, 2006 through December, 2007. They were divided into 2 groups: infants in one group were fed with human milk fortified with $HMF^{(R)}$, and the second were fed with preterm formula. Growth, biochemical indices, feeding tolerance, and other adverse events in each group were assessed serially and compared relatively. Follow-up data were also collected after discharge at 1, 3, and 6 months corrected age. Results : Characteristics of the 2 groups including average gestational age, birth weight, sex, respiratory distress syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, and other adverse events (sepsis, retinopathy of prematurity, and intraventricular hemorrhage) showed no significant difference. Average feeding start day ($8.00{\pm}3.27d$ vs. $8.86{\pm}5.37d$) (P=0.99) and the number of days required to reach full feeding after start feeding ($41.78{\pm}20.47d$ vs $36.86{\pm}20.63d$) (P=0.55) were not significantly different in the group fed human milk fortified with $HMF^{(R)}$ when compared with the group that was fed preterm formula. The duration of total parenteral nutrition and the incidence of feeding intolerance also showed no differences between the 2 groups. Although infants fed with human milk fortified with $HMF^{(R)}$ showed faster weight gain than those fed with preterm formula at the end stage of the admission period, other growth indices of the two groups showed no significant difference. No significant correlations were found between the 2 groups with regard to weight gain velocity, height gain velocity, head circumference velocity, and post-discharge follow up growth indices. Conclusion : Premature infants fed human milk fortified with $HMF^{(R)}$ showed no significant difference compared with those fed preterm formula in growth, biochemical indices, and adverse events. Using human milk fortifier can be an alternative choice for very low birth weight infants, who need high levels nutritional support even after discharge from NICU.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2011

Milk and dairy products are nutritionally one of the most important food in human health and the quality of raw milk is significantly important to ensure safety of dairy products. However, milk and dairy products are commonly related with chemical and microbial contaminations. Therefore, rapid and reliable detection of hazardous (e.g. pathogenic bacteria, pesticides, antibiotics, microbial toxins) in milk and dairy products is essential to ensure human health and food safety. Conventional methods for detection of food hazardous are mostly time-consuming to yield a results. Recently, biosensors have been focused as its rapidity and high sensitivity to analyse chemical and microbial hazardous from a variety of foods and environments. This study reviewed the recent trends and applications of biosensors as rapid detection method of hazardous in milk and dairy products.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.348-354
• /
• 2017

In this study, patterns of proteome expression were monitored and specifically expressed proteins in human milk were detected in collected human milk after 1 week, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks from delivery. A quantitative shotgun proteomic approach was used to identify human milk proteins and reveal their relative expression amounts. For each sample, two independent human milk samples from two mothers were pooled, and then three replicated shotgun proteomic analyses were carried out. Casein, which is a highly abundant protein in human milk, was removed, and then trypsin was treated to produce a digested peptide mixture. The peptides were loaded in the home-made reversed-phase C18 fused-silica capillary column, and then the eluted peptides were analyzed by using a linear ion-trap mass spectrometer. The relative quantitation of proteins was performed by the normalized spectral count method. For each sample, 81-109 non-redundant proteins were identified. The identified proteins consisted of glycoproteins, metabolic enzyme, and chaperon enzymes such as lactoferrin, carboxylic ester hydrolase, and clusterin. The comparative analysis for the 63 proteins, which were reproducibly identified in all three replications, revealed that 25 proteins were statically significant differentially expressed. Among the differentially expressed proteins, Ig lambda-7 chain C region and tenascin drastically decreased with the delivery time.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.9
• /
• pp.872-879
• /
• 1995

The changes of selenium and zine contents of transitional milk and mature milk at 7 and 60 days postpartum were comparatively studied on 20 Korean lactating women. the selenium and zinc contents of transitional milk and mature milk were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer after wet-digestion. The mean selenium contents wer 12.2$\mu\textrm{g}$ /ι and 11.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/ι at 7 and 60 days postpartum, respectively. The mean zinc contents decreased significantly from 4.23mg/ι at 7 days to 1.62mg/ι at 60 days postpartum (p<0.05).