• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.199-208
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• 2021

Automatic Post Editing(APE) is the study that automatically correcting errors included in the machine translated sentences. The goal of APE task is to generate error correcting models that improve translation quality, regardless of the translation system. For training these models, source sentence, machine translation, and post edit, which is manually edited by human translator, are utilized. Especially in the recent APE research, multilingual pretrained language models are being adopted, prior to the training by APE data. This study deals with multilingual pretrained language models adopted to the latest APE researches, and the specific application method for each APE study. Furthermore, based on the current research trend, we propose future research directions utilizing translation model or mBART model.

• The Journal of Asian Women
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.75-110
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• 2014

This research examines marriage migrant women's interpreting and translation work as an ethnic labor, analyzing its creation and work experiences. Major findings about ethnic labor in the research are as follows: First, Korean gendered and discriminatory- exclusive immigration policy enables the creation of interpreting and translation job to marriage migrant women. While the policy limits settlement and employment fields of male immigrant workers, marriage migration women are allowed to settle and find any job. Second, job security and wage of marriage migrant women's interpreting and translation work are still low, although the job is considered a relatively decent one in foreign immigrant labor market. Finally, they experience conflicts between role as neutral interpreters and identity as migrant women, facing native Koreans' distrust and discrimination against them. In conclusion, this study suggests some issues on marriage migrant women's empowerment and their labor market prospect in terms of the sustainability of this job.

• East European & Balkan Studies
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.3-30
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• 2019

In order to understand the various cultural interactions caused by the wave of globalization, we need a proper lens that can observe and transmit correctly these phenomena. The result of understanding very differs depending on which lens is used. Translation can be regarded as a lens to communicate with each other in the world where language barriers exist. Literature is a kind of universal cultural heritage combined with the intellectual, artistic and social lifestyle of each society. Introducing this cultural complex, namely literature and impregnating people from other languages with the value of our Korean literature, begin with the correct translation. Translator should act as a literary missionary, not merely a simple communicator. The process of literary translation cannot be achieved by simple linguistic ability because it is a highly human scientific work that requires diverse talents from translators. The right translator for Korean literature in Romania is a person with diverse abilities and social experiences within the cultural framework of Korea and Romania. As the requirements of the translation environment from each country are different, the paradigm of foreign translation literature that Romania wants to accept may be very clear distinctively. With recognizing this characteristic environment of Romania, the value of Korean literature can be effectively spread in Romania. Translators are the creators of another original work. With this in mind, the education of Korean studies in Romania should pay more attention to the nurture of right and capable translators.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.346-350
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• 1996

한일 양언어의 복합문은 여러가지의 통어 현상을 가지며, 주어, 목적어 등의 생략 현상으로 문장의 표층상에 나타나지 않는 것이 있기 때문에 수식구조의 처리가 복잡해지고, 구문해석에 있어서 애매성의 요인이 된다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 DPN에 의하여 한국어와 일본어의 수식 scope를 해석하는 방법에 대하여 설명한다. 먼저, 한일 양언어의 공통점과 차이점을 찾아내어, 한국어와 일본어의 보문을 표현형식으로 나타내고, 동사의 격정보로부터 DPN을 구성하여 DPN상에서 보문의 수식 Scope를 해석하는 방법에 대해서 설명한다.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2001.10d
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• pp.288-293
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• 2001

한영 기계번역 시스템을 구현하기 위해서는 다양하게 활용하는 한국어 용언을 보다 효율적으로 처리해야 할 필요가 있다. 한국어 용언은 그 활용이 매우 다양하여 활용에 따라 문장 내에서 다양하게 기능하게 된다. 한영 기계번역 시스템에서는 용언의 활용이 가지는 여러 정보를 효율적으로 분석하여 해당정보를 보다 효과적으로 역문에 반영시키는 연구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 용언의 활용에 따른 여러 정보-시제에 관한 정보(선어말어미 관련), 문종에 관한 정보(어말어미 관련), 양상에 관한 정보(보조용언, 어말어미 관련) 등-를 통일된 코드를 이용하여 일괄적으로 처리하는 방법론과 그 과정을 제시한다.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.65-74
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• 2021

Recently, studies on Korean spelling correction have been actively conducted based on machine translation and automatic noise generation. These methods generate noise and use as train and data set. This has limitation in that it is difficult to accurately measure performance because it is unlikely that noise other than the noise used for learning is included in the test set In addition, there is no practical error type standard, so the type of error used in each study is different, making qualitative analysis difficult. This paper proposes new 'error type classification' for deep learning-based Korean spelling correction research, and error analysis perform on existing commercialized Korean spelling correctors (System A, B, C). As a result of analysis, it was found the three correction systems did not perform well in correcting other error types presented in this paper other than spacing, and hardly recognized errors in word order or tense.

• International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.40-46
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• 2006

The market of programmable implantable pumps has bound to a monopolistic situation, inducing high device costs, thus making them inaccessible to most patients. Micro-mechanical and medical innovations allow improved performances by reducing the dimensions. This affects the consumption and weight, and, by reducing the number of parts, the cost is also affected. This paper presents the procedure followed to design an innovative implantable drug delivery system. This drug delivery system consists of a low flow pump which shall be implanted in the human body to relieve pain. In comparison to classical known solutions, this pump presents many advantages of high interest in both medical and mechanical terms. The first section of the article describes the specifications which would characterize a perfect delivery system from every points of view. This concerns shape, medication, flow, autonomy, biocompatibility, security and sterilization ability. Afterwards, an overview of existing systems is proposed in a decisional tree. Positive displacement motorized pumps are classified into three main groups: the continuous movement group, the fractioned translation group and the alternative movement group. These systems are described and the different problems which are specific to these mechanisms are presented. Since none of them fully satisfy the specifications, an innovation is justified.. The decisional tree is therefore extended by adding new principles: fractioned refilling and fractioned injection within the fractioned translation movement group, spider guiding system within the alternative translation movement group, rotational bearing guided device and notch hinge guided device in the alternative rotation movement group.

• BMB Reports
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• v.54 no.9
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• pp.439-450
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• 2021

Translating ribosomes accompany co-translational regulation of nascent polypeptide chains, including subcellular targeting, protein folding, and covalent modifications. Ribosome-associated quality control (RQC) is a co-translational surveillance mechanism triggered by ribosomal collisions, an indication of atypical translation. The ribosome-associated E3 ligase ZNF598 ubiquitinates small subunit proteins at the stalled ribosomes. A series of RQC factors are then recruited to dissociate and triage aberrant translation intermediates. Regulatory ribosomal stalling may occur on endogenous transcripts for quality gene expression, whereas ribosomal collisions are more globally induced by ribotoxic stressors such as translation inhibitors, ribotoxins, and UV radiation. The latter are sensed by ribosome-associated kinases GCN2 and ZAKα, activating integrated stress response (ISR) and ribotoxic stress response (RSR), respectively. Hierarchical crosstalks among RQC, ISR, and RSR pathways are readily detectable since the collided ribosome is their common substrate for activation. Given the strong implications of RQC factors in neuronal physiology and neurological disorders, the interplay between RQC and ribosome-associated stress signaling may sustain proteostasis, adaptively determine cell fate, and contribute to neural pathogenesis. The elucidation of underlying molecular principles in relevant human diseases should thus provide unexplored therapeutic opportunities.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.469-481
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• 2018

When literatures and cultures encounter their counterparts in terms of the big data or statistics of a new reconfiguration in the cognitive map, the tangential points of the borderland will be reduced to what Mitchell calls "a mere abstraction on a map," which nevertheless will provide a vast interstitial zone of "intersections, competition, and exclusions." This zone will be the dynamic vortex for the aesthetics, politics, and ethics of cultural translation. The translated discourse will engage in carrying across the disturbing region of untranslatability and demonstrate how the literary texts of world literature reveal enriching but threatening human experience. This dynamic border of vortex will construct the translational space of world literature, transcending the fragmentary untranslatable nature of the hybrid convergence of the ethnic, racial, cultural and national intermixtures and constructing what Pascal Casanova terms "The World Republic of Letters." In this paper, I will demonstrate how the very concept of scale is related to literary space as well as how distance creates a poetics of literary landscapes which looks ahead of world literature. Also, I will attempt to find the possibility to relate the "micro-scale" with the "macro-scale," and to construct the scale politics of representation. "Glocalization" is a convenient theoretical tool for the double movement of the up-scale and down-scale.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.261-268
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• 1997

일본어에서 조동사 "-reru, -rareru"는 '피동', '가능', '자발', '존경' 등의 의미로 두루 쓰이고 있다. 일한 번역에서 이들은 여러 가지 대역어로 나타나며 일정한 규칙이나 패턴을 취하지 않으므로, 기계 번역시 조동사 "-reru, -rareru"는 그 처리가 쉽지 않다. 더구나, 조동사 "-reru, -rareru"는 일본어에서 높은 빈도로 등장하여 무시하기 어렵고 의미별 분포가 고루 퍼져 있어, 대표적 대역어인 "-아/어/여 지다. -되다" 등으로만 대응시킬 경우의 번역 에러는 의외로 치명적이다. 따라서, "-reru, -rareru"의 번역을 고려한 특수 처리를 행할 필요가 있다. 먼저, 본 논문에서는 조동사 "-reru, -rareru"가 포함된 아사히 신문 가사의 5,800여 문장을 대상으로 각각의 의미에 대한 분포 및 한국어 대역어의 빈도를 조사하였다. 대역어는 크게 8종류의 형태로 나누었으며 각 동사별로 "-reru, -rareru"와 결합된 경우의 의미 출현 빈도를 참고하여 대응 가능한 대역어 형태들을 미리 결정하였다. 그리고, 대역어가 여러 개 존재하는 경우는 패턴 매칭을 통하여 적절한 대역어를 선택할 수 있도록 하였다. 그 결과, 약 87%의 "-reru, -rareru"가 적절한 대역어로 번역되어, 본 논문에서 제시한 의미 출현 빈도에 기반한 각 동사별 대역어 형태 결정 방법이 "-reru, -rareru"의 다의성 해소에 유효하다고 판단된다.