• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2016

Dental pulp is a highly vascularized tissue with high regenerative potential. Revascularization of severed vasculature in the tooth is required for pulp healing during avulsed tooth treatment. In this study, the relative expression of angiogenesis-related proteins was determined in human dental pulp cells using a human angiogenesis proteome profiler array. The proteome profiler array detected differentially expressed angiogenesis-related factors under conditions of hypoxia, which enhances the angiogenic potential of dental pulp cells. We confirmed that hypoxia regulates the mRNA expression of angiogenesis-related factors, including CXCL16 in dental pulp cells. Furthermore, conditioned media of hypoxic pulp cells induced tube-like structures of vascular endothelial cells, which were reduced by the neutralization of CXCL16 function. In conclusion, our data show that angiogenesis-related factors are differentially expressed by hypoxia in dental pulp cells and suggest that CXCL16 may involve in the revascularization of hypoxic dental pulp.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.43-49
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• 2004

Electric pulp test is a method to examine the vitality of dental pulp using physical and chemical stimulation. During the pulp test, the current stimulates intradental nerve, and it makes patients painful. In this paper, we measured each activating response EMG in anterior belly of digastric muscle, voice, and finger movement during the pulp test by increasing stimulus intensity gradually. We also measured excessive stimulus time from the activating responses (EMG, voice, and finger movement) to the end of the stimulation. We measured and analyzed excessive stimulus time for each stimulus detecting method. As a result, we developed automatic stimulus breaker using the human responses to stimulus during electric pulp test. We reduced the excessive stimulus time by disconnecting the pulp tester stimulus output rapidly in 10 ms after activating human response.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.550-550
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• 2003

IL-1${\alpha}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ play an important role in initiating and coordinating the cellular events that make up the immune response to infection. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on mineralization and HO-1 protein expression in the human pulp cells. Human pulp cell cultures between the fifth and sixth passage were used in this study. Alkaline phosphatase and osteonectin were selected as markers for mineralization that is, odontoblast-like differentiation.(omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.153-164
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• 1990

Human dental pulps obtained from normal teeth, hypersensitive teeth and teeth with inflamed pulp were studied to measure and to compare the endogenous levels of arachidonic acid metabolites in order to see the relative activities of the different pathways involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. Pulp homogenates were incubated with $^{14}C$-arachidonic acid and lipid solvent extracts were separated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to be analyzed by autoradiography and TLC analyzer. 1. The most significant metabolite was HETEs showing $96.9{\pm}37.8$pmol/mg tissue protein/hr in normal pulp, $169.2{\pm}76.7$ in hypersensitive pulp and $385.4{\pm}113.2$ in inflamed pulp. In normal pulp $LTB_4$, 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}+PGE_2$, $TXB_2$ and unidentified metabolite were formed in decreasing order. While in hypersensitive and inflamed pulp 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}+PGE_2$, $LTB_4$, $TXB_2$ and unidentified metabolite were formed in decreasing order. 2. In hypersensitive pulp only HETEs were significantly increased when compared with that in normal pulp. The levels of all the converted metabolites in inflamed pulp were significantly increased compared with those in normal pulp. In inflamed pulp, the levels of $TXB_2$ and HETEs were significantly increased compared with those in hypersensitive pulp. 3. The ratio of each metabolites to the total converted metabolites showed an increased value of $TXB_2$ and 6-keto-$PGF_{1\alpha}+PGE_2$, as the degree of inflammation was increased, while that of HETEs decreased both in hypersensitive pulp and inflamed pulp more than in normal pulp. 4. The relative amounts of the total metabolites formed in lipoxygenase pathway to cyclo-oxygenase pathway were 6.8 fold in normal pulp, 4.4 fold in hypersensitive pulp and 3.8 fold in inflamed pulp.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.142-148
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• 2012

Objectives: We analyzed gene-expression profiles after 14 day odontogenic induction of human dental pulp cells (DPCs) using a DNA microarray and sought candidate genes possibly associated with mineralization. Materials and Methods: Induced human dental pulp cells were obtained by culturing DPCs in odontogenic induction medium (OM) for 14 day. Cells exposed to normal culture medium were used as controls. Total RNA was extracted from cells and analyzed by microarray analysis and the key results were confirmed selectively by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We also performed a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the microarray data. Results: Six hundred and five genes among the 47,320 probes on the BeadChip differed by a factor of more than two-fold in the induced cells. Of these, 217 genes were upregulated, and 388 were down-regulated. GSEA revealed that in the induced cells, genes implicated in Apoptosis and Signaling by wingless MMTV integration (Wnt) were significantly upregulated. Conclusions: Genes implicated in Apoptosis and Signaling by Wnt are highly connected to the differentiation of dental pulp cells into odontoblast.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1983

With electron microscope, author studied on the pulp structure of human primary tooth in shedding stage. Non-carious human primary molar teeth were selected for this study. Using standard methods, specimens were sectioned and examined by light and electron microscope, The results were as follows; 1. In coronal pulp, odontoblasts were replaced by multinucleated odontoclasts, which contained a large number of mitochondria of varying shape and vacuoles in cytoplasm. Where odontoclasts were in contact with tooth surface, the characteristic ruffled border and clear zone were observed. 2. Fibrous tissue with plentiful collagen fibers and fibroblasts was observed adjacent to the dentin in the pulp. Fibroblast contained a number of mitochondria and well-developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. 3. Inflammatory cells were observed in the pulp and active fibroblasts could be seen between inflammatory cells. In many cases, cervical epithelium proliferated toward absorbed area. 4. Inflammatory cells consisted of a number of lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, plasma cells and macrophages. Macrophage containing lysosomes in digestive state or phagocyting PMN could be seen. 5. In the primary molar of delayed root resorption, odontoblast layer, zone of Weil and cell-rich zone could be seen at roof of pulp chamber and odontoblast in this area cont과ained some lipid droplets.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.193-203
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• 2005

The induction of the IL-8 and MCP-1 by the stimulation of Substance P and TNF-${\alpha}$ (IL-8 agonist) and the specificity for SP using Spantide (SP antagonist) in the dental pulp tissues was measured quantitatively. In addition, the secretion of the IL-8 in the human dental pulp tissue 36 hrs after the stimulation of SP was observed after the stimulation of SP qualitatively. According to this study the results were as follows: 1. There was the significant IL-8 induction at 36 h after SP (10$^{-4}$M) stimulation of the pulp tissue comparing with the unstimulated dental pulp tissues (p < 0.05) . IL-8 irnmunostaining was weakly detected along the periphery of the pulp tissue after Mock stimulation and IL-8 immunostaining was detected around the fibroblast in the pulp tissue 36h After SP (10$^{-4}$M) stimulation, 2. The secretion of MCP-1 from the dental pulp tissues comparing with Mock stimulation was induced at 36 hrs after TNF-$\alpha$ (40 ng/ml) stimulation, but no induction with SP(10$^{-4}$M) TNF-${\alpha}$ (40 ng/ml) did not induce the IL-8 secretion from the pulp tissue, weak IL-8 imrnunostaining was detected along the periphery of the pulp tissue 3. Spantide (10$^{-5}$M) inhibited IL-8 induction from the pulp tissues 36 h after SP (10$^{-4}$M) stimulation These results suggest that SP significantly induces IL-8 recruiting neutrophils in localized human dental pulp tissue MCP-1 appears to be less involved in the early establishment of pulpal inflammation in response to irritation such as mechanical insult of dentin. SP may have positive relation with the inflammation of the human dental pulp tissues.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.583-583
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• 2003

Recent study reported whether the cultured human pulp cells increase IL-8 secretion in response to SP stimulation22). In the present study, whether induction of IL-8 or MCP-1 in pulp tissue can be detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) with ex vivo pulpal explants exposed to neuropeptides in culture and the IL-8 expression using immunohistochemical analysis with the ex vivo pulpal explants exposed to neuropeptides was evaluated. To investigate further mechanisms that may contribute to leukocyte recruitment in lesions of endodontic origin, the differential expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 by human dental pulp tissues stimulated in vitro by the Substance P was examined.(omitted)

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to regenerate human dental pulp tissues similar to native pulp tissues. Using the mixture of type I collagen solution, primary cells collected from the different tissues (pulp, gingiva, and skin) and NIH 3T3 ($1{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5{\;}cells/ml/well$) were cultured at 12-well plate at $37^{\circ}C$ for 14 days. Standardized photographs were taken with digital camera during 14 days and the diameter of the contracted collagen gel matrix was measured and statistically analyzed with student t-test. As one of the pulp tissue engineering, normal human dental pulp tissue and collagen gel matrix cultured with dental pulp cells for 14 days were fixed and stained with Hematoxyline & Eosin. According to this study, the results were as follows: 1. The contraction of collagen gel matrix cultured with pulp cells for 14 days was significantly higher than other fibroblasts (gingiva, skin) (p < 0.05), 2. The diameter of collagen gel matrix cultured with pulp cells was reduced to 70.4% after 7 days, and 57.1% after 14 days. 3. The collagen gel without any cells did not contract, whereas the collagen gel cultured with gingiva and skin showed mild contraction after 14 days (88.1% and 87.6% respectively). 4. The contraction of the collagen gel cultured with NIH 3T3 cells after 14 days was higher than those cultured with gingival and skin fibroblasts, but it was not statistically significant (72.1%, p > 0.05). 5. The collagen gel matrix cultured with pulp cells for 14 days showed similar shape with native pulp tissue without blood vessels. This approach may provide a means of engineering a variety of other oral tissue as well and these cell behaviors may provide information needed to establish pulp tissue engineering protocols.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.20.1-20.13
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• 2023

This mini-review was conducted to present an overview of the use of exosomes in regenerating the dentin-pulp complex (DPC). The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for relevant articles published between January 1, 2013 and January 1, 2023. The findings of basic in vitro studies indicated that exosomes enhance the proliferation and migration of mesenchymal cells, as human dental pulp stem cells, via mitogen-activated protein kinases and Wingless-Int signaling pathways. In addition, they possess proangiogenic potential and contribute to neovascularization and capillary tube formation by promoting endothelial cell proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Likewise, they regulate the migration and differentiation of Schwann cells, facilitate the conversion of M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages to M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes, and mediate immune suppression as they promote regulatory T cell conversion. Basic in vivo studies have indicated that exosomes triggered the regeneration of dentin-pulp-like tissue, and exosomes isolated under odontogenic circumstances are particularly strong inducers of tissue regeneration and stem cell differentiation. Exosomes are a promising regenerative tool for DPC in cases of small pulp exposure or for whole-pulp tissue regeneration.