• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.135-153
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop teaching-learning plans applying ARCS strategies for food safety education, focusing on units related to the 'food selection and safe cooking'. To achieve this purpose, this study was conducted in the following order of analysis, design, development, assessment I, revision I, assessment II, revision II, and completion. In the analysis stage, 2015 revised curriculum and middle school technology-home economics textbooks(12 kinds) contents of 'food selection and safe cooking' among content elements of core concept 'safety' were analyzed. In the design and development stages, teaching-learning plans, teaching-learning materials, and evaluation rubric for teaching-learning outcomes using the ARCS motivation strategy were developed. In the phases of assessment I and revision I, evaluation items were selected as open-ended questions about food safety education factors and ARCS strategies, and their validities were verified by four experts. The teaching-learning plans for nine lessons were revised based on the feedbacks such as evaluation plans considering the correspondence between instruction and evaluation, strategy to reinforce intrinsic motivation, correction of improper contents composition, and so on. In the phases of assessment II and revision II, the validity of the three items, including relevance of each teaching-learning to food safety education, suitability of learning goals, and appropriateness of motivation strategy, was verified by seven experts. The final teaching-learning plans for 10 lessons were developed by revising and supplementing the data by compiling opinions of the assessment II. It is expected that this study can contribute to food safety education for middle school students, and that teaching-learning plans which apply ARCS strategies for food safety education will be used as good references for school teachers and curriculum developers.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.105-129
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• 2007

Objectives: The purpose of this research is to obtain basic data about the effects of Constitution-Acupuncture (CA) based on Eight-Constitution Medicine (ECM) by the expert CA Oriental Medical Doctors. Methods: The resources were collected from the internet survey method. 35 samples were collected. The SPSS 13.0 for windows and Answer Tree 3.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: The results from this research are as follow. 1. The motivation that apply ECM to clinic are 'Because ECM is effective for diagnosis, treatment and prevention against disease' 48.6% and 'Because CA therapy is effective' 25.7%. 2. The advantage that CA therapy compare to the other acupuncture therapy are 'Management and prevention against disease are available by ECM theory to a person who exact constitution is confirmed' 82.9%, 'CA therapy is superior in treatment of hard symptoms to treat by the other acupuncture therapy' 80%, 'Treatment effect is good' 77.1%, 'Needle manipulation of CA is simple comparatively' 57.1%, 'It is definite whether treatment effect is good or not' 54.3% and CA therapy is superior all in diseases of twelve category. 3. When the effects of CA is good, patients expressed much 'Eyesight lightened', 'Took deep sleep at night', 'Fatigue decreased', 'Body is light', 'Feelings became refreshing' as well as 'Symptoms were improved' and also physicians confirmed as those reactions whether treatment is effective. Conclusions: The research suggest that CA is effective therapy in clinic, and so further study is needed for CA therapy.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.147
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• pp.261-281
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• 2018

This paper will cover recent discussions on the risks of human being due to the development of artificial intelligence(AI). We will consider AI research as artificial narrow intelligence(ANI), artificial general intelligence(AGI), and artificial super intelligence(ASI). First, we examine the risks of ANI, or weak AI systems. To maximize efficiency, humans will use autonomous AI extensively. At this time, we can predict the risks that can arise by transferring a great deal of authority to autonomous AI and AI's judging and acting without human intervention. Even a sophisticated system, human-made artificial intelligence systems are incomplete, and virus infections or bugs can cause errors. So I think there should be a limit to what I entrust to artificial intelligence. Typically, we do not believe that lethal autonomous weapons systems should be allowed. Strong AI researchers are optimistic about the emergence of artificial general intelligence(AGI) and artificial superintelligence(ASI). Superintelligence is an AI system that surpasses human ability in all respects, so it may act against human interests or harm human beings. So the problem of controlling superintelligence, i.e. control problem is being seriously considered. In this paper, we have outlined how to control superintelligence based on the proposed control schemes. If superintelligence emerges, it is judged that there is no way for humans to completely control superintelligence at this time. But the emergence of superintelligence may be a fictitious assumption. Even in this case, research on control problems is of practical value in setting the direction of future AI research.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.129-149
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• 2021

Recently, interest in social robots that can socially interact with humans is increasing. Thanks to the development of ICT technology, social robots have become easier to provide personalized services and emotional connection to individuals, and the role of social robots is drawing attention as a means to solve modern social problems and the resulting decline in the quality of individual lives. Along with the interest in social robots, the spread of social robots is also increasing significantly. Many companies are introducing robot products to the market to target various target markets, but so far there is no clear trend leading the market. Accordingly, there are more and more attempts to differentiate robots through the design of social robots. In particular, anthropomorphism has been studied importantly in social robot design, and many approaches have been attempted to anthropomorphize social robots to produce positive effects. However, there is a lack of research that systematically describes the mechanism by which anthropomorphism for social robots is formed. Most of the existing studies have focused on verifying the positive effects of the anthropomorphism of social robots on consumers. In addition, the formation of anthropomorphism of social robots may vary depending on the individual's motivation or temperament, but there are not many studies examining this. A vague understanding of anthropomorphism makes it difficult to derive design optimal points for shaping the anthropomorphism of social robots. The purpose of this study is to verify the mechanism by which the anthropomorphism of social robots is formed. This study confirmed the effect of the human-likeness of social robots(Within-subjects) and the construal level of consumers(Between-subjects) on the formation of anthropomorphism through an experimental study of 3×2 mixed design. Research hypotheses on the mechanism by which anthropomorphism is formed were presented, and the hypotheses were verified by analyzing data from a sample of 206 people. The first hypothesis in this study is that the higher the human-likeness of the robot, the higher the level of anthropomorphism for the robot. Hypothesis 1 was supported by a one-way repeated measures ANOVA and a post hoc test. The second hypothesis in this study is that depending on the construal level of consumers, the effect of human-likeness on the level of anthropomorphism will be different. First, this study predicts that the difference in the level of anthropomorphism as human-likeness increases will be greater under high construal condition than under low construal condition.Second, If the robot has no human-likeness, there will be no difference in the level of anthropomorphism according to the construal level. Thirdly,If the robot has low human-likeness, the low construal level condition will make the robot more anthropomorphic than the high construal level condition. Finally, If the robot has high human-likeness, the high construal levelcondition will make the robot more anthropomorphic than the low construal level condition. We performed two-way repeated measures ANOVA to test these hypotheses, and confirmed that the interaction effect of human-likeness and construal level was significant. Further analysis to specifically confirm interaction effect has also provided results in support of our hypotheses. The analysis shows that the human-likeness of the robot increases the level of anthropomorphism of social robots, and the effect of human-likeness on anthropomorphism varies depending on the construal level of consumers. This study has implications in that it explains the mechanism by which anthropomorphism is formed by considering the human-likeness, which is the design attribute of social robots, and the construal level of consumers, which is the way of thinking of individuals. We expect to use the findings of this study as the basis for design optimization for the formation of anthropomorphism in social robots.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.166-175
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• 2014

The negative influence by disaster on human's life could be so tremendous. I like to give attention to the disaster, considerable many cases, that disaster was used as stimulation or motivation for artist's creativity, especially in the film among various art activities. The reason I focus on disaster through art activities is disaster is closely related to human's daily life and also aesthetic consciousness. I like to look into the flood disasters' appearances described in the both films, and and the people's aesthetic consciousness expressed from the flood disasters. In the traditional education of the East. 'cultivation' has been used as the meaning of self education which develops mostly one's personality by doing self practice, and self insight meditation. And In the modern western education, cultivation has been identified as the meaning of unique mission, that each human being expresses one's own individuality, that is personality, progressively. I think 'the aesthetic ' already immanence in human's mind. Analysis for The beauty of Kant is also starts from special nature, delightfulness. The aesthetic doesn't appears in sight easely because it always exists in one's bottom of heart like mist. That's the reason we try to reach to the aesthetic through the medium, that's art. Human can achieve aesthetic cultivation which reaches to the aesthetic by having lot of events and experiences in the process.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.409-421
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to understand the flow of personnel management in the Joseon Dynasty through Dasan Jeong Yak-yong's Mokminsimseo, and to understand how it is being used not only in modern administrative organizations but also in social welfare organizations. As a result, first, first, among the human resource management areas of the Joseon Dynasty, the area occupied the most was related to integrity. These are the contents that are widely used in evaluation methods and scope, value standards, and use of evaluation today. Second, regarding the recruitment and recruitment of talents in the Joseon Dynasty, various methods were presented to enhance the appropriateness, fairness of hiring, and the effectiveness of hiring human resources. This has significant implications even today as it specifically mentions the appropriate appointment and scale of human resources, emphasizing that personnel is everything. Finally, This is different from the human resource management of the Joseon Dynasty in that it is being converted to a compensation paradigm rather than discipline as a way to inspire the motivation of workers today and increase work efficiency. In addition, professionalism was emphasized in the education and training of public officials, and the maintenance of dignity and leadership in body and mind is emphasized, showing that even today, the virtues required of workers in public organizations, including social welfare organizations, are being maintained.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

The goal-gradient hypothesis states that the tendency to approach a goal increases with the increasing proximity of the goal (Hull 1932). It was initially supported with an evidence of animal experiments and since then, several papers have investigated the goal-gradient hypothesis in humans. Although there are some evidences related to the goal-gradient hypothesis in human behaviors, none of previous studies can properly explain its underlying mechanism, and what's more, they were not able to suggest useful managerial applications in human behaviors. From these perspectives, this work points out that there are some theoretical weaknesses to apply the goal-gradient hypothesis into the complicated human decision-making behaviors and proposes an alternative theoretical mechanismthat underlies the goal-gradient hypothesis in human. Finally, it offers insights into managerial implications of the goal-gradient hypothesis in the marketing field. This study focuses on the changes in motivations for achieving goals, in terms of how approaches to goals vary according to temporal distance from those goals. Specifically, the temporal construal theory (Liberman and Trope 1998) is considered as the underlying mechanism of the goal-gradient in that the temporal construal theory argues how the temporal distance from a goal makes people change their associated values regarding to that goal. According to the temporal construal theory, the value of distant future outcomes (near future outcomes) is construed on the basis of abstract and central features (concrete and peripheral features), and it argues that distant future situations are construed on a higher level than near future situations. This means that the value associated with the high-level construal is enhanced over delay, whereas the value associated with the low-level construal is discounted over delay. Our propositions suggest that the goal-gradient behavior in human can be motivated by the different aspects or characteristics of the goal as time changes based on the temporal construal theory. Thus, the following propositions are proposed. P 1-1: If the goal is far away, consumers put more value on the central features that are more associated with the desirability of the goal. P 1-2: If the goal is far away, consumers put more effort into accomplishing the goal that has more central features, regardless of its peripheral features. P 2-1: If a goal is near, consumers put more value on the peripheral features that are more associated with the feasibility of the goal. P 2-2: If a goal is near, consumers put more effort into accomplishing the goal that has more peripheral features, regardless of its central features. We hope to provide sufficient managerial implications for the companies as our research aims to show how consumers react differently as they progress toward the goal. Proposed propositions may provide guidance for companies developing a loyalty program, enabling them to understand what kinds of benefits or services they should provide or emphasize to consumers in loyalty programs on the basis of the time-dependent changes in outcome values (such as gifts, reward coupons). The effects of temporal distance from a goal should inform companies' marketing activities and help themto determine where emphasis should be placed in designing the benefits of their loyalty program.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

This double-blind study, as a human experiment of nonlocality, investigated the effects of senders' intention on the central nervous system of a distant human receiver and it explored the roles that motivation might have in modulating these effects. Whole brain activity was measured in the receiver whom was asked to relax in a distant room for 16 minutes; the sending person directed intention of oneness toward the receiver during repeated variable-second epochs separated by variable-second non-intention epochs. The total length of intention epochs and that of nonintention epochs were balanced. Eighteen sessions were conducted. In 9 of those sessions, the sender was the receiver's lover. In another 9 of those sessions, the sender was just acquainted with the receiver before the session. The receiver's whole brain activity recorded during the intention epochs were compared with the same measures recorded during the nonintention epochs used as controls. The statistical difference between the intentions versus controls across 18 sessions was examined by paired-t test. In addition, subgroup analysis for the 9 couple sessions and 9 non-couple sessions were additionally examined by the same test. The effect of distant intentionality decreased slow waves or increased EEG fast waves mainly in frontal regions, and increased EEG coherence during the intention epochs. The effects was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction, but the couple sessions combined showed the largest effect followed by all sessions combined. Non-couple sessions combined showed the smallest effect. The changes in EEG power mean that receiver participants became more alert during the intention epochs and the change in EEG coherence might be evidence of coherent heart influence on EEG activity. Planned comparison with specific hypothesis testing for the suggested changes in this study have to be followed for an evidence of electroencephalographic changes in isolated subjects for the distant mental intention.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1994

This study is carried out to develope parent education methodology by analysing "${\acute{E}}cole$ des Parents" of France. To study this subject we approach by following three methodes. Firstly, we examined bibliographes to find out motivation of initiative caused from hystological and sociological circumstance. Secondly, to analyse chronological developement and modification of "${\acute{E}}cole$ des Parents" we interviewed with three periods of persons : founder, developer and actually working animators. In addition, we riviewed three hundred eighty volumes of $\underline{{\acute{E}}cole\;des\;Parents}$, from first jurnals to october, 1993. Thirdly, this study were approached by participant observation in actual activities, and by analyse statstical records and subject of articals. In results, we noticed following caractors working in french parent education system. All the regional "${\acute{E}}cole$ des Parents" are alined with "$F{\acute{E}}d{\acute{E}}ration$ Nationale des ${\acute{E}}cole$ des Parents et des ${\acute{E}}ducateurs$"(F.N.E.PE.) in educational polish but activities and methodes of education are independant with F.N.E.P.E., and in most different regional "${\acute{E}}cole$ des Parents" focussed the educational programes to the middle class families in economic point of view. these programes adjust very rapidly systematicaly to social requirment due to successed intensive research. Mordern programs tend to contain all members of family in stead of targeting only maternal members. Methodes of education by lectures and speechs only to deliver information also replaced by discussion, forum and groop animation to induce self-correction. We propose that the systems of FNEPE can be ideal models to solve many actual problems facing in Korean parent education systemes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.456-463
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Setting healthful beverage expectations, making calcium-rich foods and beverages (CRF/B) available, and role modeling are parenting practices promoting calcium intake among early adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate emotion-based messages designed to motivate parents of early adolescents to perform these practices. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Emotion-based messages were developed for each parenting practice and tested in 35 parents from 5 states. Findings were used to modify messages and develop a survey administered via Amazon MechanicalTurk to a convenience sample of Asian (n = 166) and Hispanic (n = 184) parents of children 10-13 years. Main outcome measures were message comprehension, motivation, relevance, acceptability, and novelty. Engagement in the parenting practices was also assessed. RESULTS: Message comprehension was acceptable for the majority of parents. Most also agreed that messages were motivational (setting healthful beverage expectations (69.0%), making CRF/B available (67.4%), and role modeling (80.0%)), relevant and acceptable. About 30-50% indicated they had not seen the information before. Many parents indicated they were already engaging in the practices (> 70%). No racial/ethnic differences were observed for responses to messages or engaging in parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that emotion-based messages designed to motivate parents to engage in parenting practices that promote calcium intake among early adolescents were motivating, relevant, and acceptable.