• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.189-203
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• 2020

Purpose - This study aims in analyzing the dynamic relationship between household loans and housing prices according to the characteristics of depository institutions after the financial crisis, identifying the recent trends between them, and making policy suggestions for stabilizing house prices. Design/methodology/approach - The monthly data used in this study are household loans, household loan interest rates, and housing prices ranging from January 2012 to May 2020, and came from ECOS of the Bank of Korea and Liiv-on of Kookmin Bank. This study used vector auto-regression, generalized impulse response function, and forecast error variance decomposition with the data so as to yield analysis results. Findings - The analysis of this study no more shows that the household loan interest rates in both deposit banks and non-bank deposit institutions had statistically significant effects on housing prices. Also, unlike the previous studies, there was statistically significant bi-directional causality between housing prices and household loans in neither deposit banks nor non-bank deposit institutions. Rather, it was found that there is a unidirectional causality from housing prices to household loans in deposit banks, which is considered that housing prices have one-sided effects on household loans due to the overheated housing market after the financial crisis. Research implications or Originality - As a result, Korea's housing market is closely related to deposit banks, and housing prices are acting as more dominant information variables than interest rates or loans under the long-term low interest rate trend. Therefore, in order to stabilize housing prices, the housing supply must be continuously made so that everyone can enjoy housing services equally. In addition, the expansion and reinforcement of the social security net should be realized systematically so as to stop households from being troubled with the housing price decline.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2023

Purpose - Since COVID-19, the government's expansion of liquidity to stimulate the economy has resulted in an increase in private debt and an increase in asset prices of such as real estate and stocks. The recent sharp rise of the US Federal fund rate and tapering by the Fed have led to a fast rise in domestic interest rates, putting a heavy burden on the Korean economy, where the level of household debt is very high. Excessive household debt might have negative effects on the economy, such as shrinking consumption, economic recession, and deepening economic inequality. Therefore, now more than ever, it is necessary to identify the causes of the increase in household debt. Design/methodology/approach - Main methodology is regression analysis. Dependent variable is household loans from depository institutions. Independent variables are consumer price index, unemployment rate, household loan interest rate, housing sales price index, and composite stock price index. The sample periods are from 2017 to May 2022, comprising 72 months of data. The comparative analysis period before and after COVID-19 is from January 2017 to December 2019 for the pre-COVID-19 period, and from Jan 2020 to December 2022 for the post-COVID-19 period. Findings - Looking at the results of the regression analysis for the entire period, it was found that increases in the consumer price index, unemployment rate, and household loan interest rates decrease household loans, while increases in the housing sales price index increase household loans. Research implications or Originality - Household loans of depository institutions are mainly made up of high-credit and high-income borrowers with good repayment ability, so the risk of the financial system is low. As household loans are closely linked to the real estate market, the risk of household loan defaults may increase if real estate prices fall sharply.

• 벤처혁신연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2019

본 연구는 최근 5년간(2012년 ~ 2016년) 국내 시중은행, 지방은행 및 특수은행의 재무제표와 대출구조, ROA, ROA 변동성을 사용하여 상관관계분석 및 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 주요 실증분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 상관관계분석 결과 은행의 ROA는 가계대출, 중소기업 대출과는 정(+)의 상관관계가 있으나, 대기업대출, 업종편중율, 대손충당금 비율과는 부(-)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, ROA 변동성은 가계대출, 중소기업 대출과는 부(-)의 상관관계가 있으나, 대기업 대출, 업종편중율, 대손충당금 비율과는 정(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 회귀분석 결과 은행의 ROA 변동성에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수는 가계대출, 중소기업대출, 대기업대출로 나타났다. 이러한 실증분석결과로부터 이익 변동성이 큰 특수은행들은 정책금융 외의 영역에서는 경영성과 달성을 위해 대출 형태와 업종을 분산 할 필요가 있으며, 특히 상업적인 역할이 큰 수협은행, 농협은행은 단기적인 수익에 집중하여 단위당 규모가 크고, 재무적 정보를 획득하기 쉬운 대기업이나 대규모 대출에 집중하는 것보다는 심사 기법 등의 역량 개발을 통해 가계대출, 중소기업 대출에도 경영역량을 집중해야 할 것으로 보인다.

• 산경연구논집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aims to provide implications for the government's housing supply policy by analyzing the factors that determine the type of real estate holding and household debt. This study started from the awareness that the determinants of household debt differ depending on the type of real estate holding. Research design, data and methodology: Real estate ownership type was classified and analyzed into 4 models: model 1 (1 household 1 house and self-resident), model 2 (1 household multiple real estate ownership and self-resident), model 3 (1 household 1 house and rent residence), model 4 (1 household holds a large number of real estate and rent residence). The analysis method used multiple regression analysis. The dependent variable was household total debt. As independent variables, household debt, annual gross household income, financial assets, real estate net assets, annual repayment, demographic & residential characteristics were used. Results: 1) Model 4 has the highest household debt and the highest gross income, Model 2 has the most real estate mortgage loans and real estate net asset, and Model 1 has the highest real estate mortgage payments. 2) The positive factor of common household debt determinants is real estate net assets, and the negative factor is financial assets. 3) It was the net assets of real estate that acted as a positive factor in common for the four models. In other words, the more financial assets, the less household debt. It was analyzed that the more net assets of real estate, the more household debt. The annual repayment of financial liabilities had no influence on household debt, while the annual repayment of loan liabilities and household debt had a positive relationship. Conclusions: 1) It is necessary to introduce benefits and systems that can increase the proportion of household financial asset. Specific alternatives include tax benefits and reduced fees for financial asset investment. 2) In the case where a homeless person prepares one house for one household, it is necessary to prepare various support measures according to the income level. The specific alternative is to give additional points for pre-sale or apply an interest rate cut incentive for mortgage loans.

• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2022

본 연구는 은행 대출이 주택가격에 미치는 영향을 분석하였으며, 은행 대출을 은행 총대출금, 가계대출금, 부동산담보대출금으로 구분하였고, 주택가격을 전국, 지방, 서울 주택가격으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 주요한 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 은행 총대출금의 증가는 전국, 지방, 서울 주택가격을 유의하게 상승시키는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 가계대출금은 지방 주택가격에 양(+)의 영향을 미치지만 통계적으로 유의하지는 않은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 은행 대출이 지방 주택가격에 미치는 영향은 전국 주택가격에 미치는 영향에 비해서는 상대적으로 작은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 은행 대출이 지방 주택가격과 서울 주택가격에 미치는 영향은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 인플레이션과 은행 총대출은 1분기의 시차를 가지고 지방 주택가격에 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미쳤으며, 단기금리는 1분기의 시차를 가지고 서울 주택가격에 유의한 음(-)의 영향을 미쳤다. 전체적으로는 은행 대출이 주택가격에 미치는 영향이 지방보다는 서울에 약 2배 정도 더 큰 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.95-107
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• 2011

The Comprehensive Measures for a soft landing of Household Debts affecting the credit service of Fisheries Cooperative (FC) have been known to the public in June 2011. Its essential points are as follows: 1) Abolition of Tax-free Regulation, 2) Set limit of loans, etc. per person, 3) Introduce leverage regulations for credit-specialized financial sector i. e. FC, 4) Gradually strengthen loan-loss reserve requirements for card-loan and other credit loans. However, the Financial Policy Measures seem to pay no attention to the Cooperative's Values, Principles and Identity. In this paper, emphasis is be placed on the task of the regulators i. e. Financial Services Commission and Financial Supervice Service to lift the Financial Measures negatively affecting the operation of fund of FCs, and on the establishment of Cooperative identity in order to further develop FCs.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.109-118
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• 2015

The purpose of this research is to examine generational distinctions of housing investment and household wealth for two different age cohorts - 'baby-boomers' and 'eco-boomers'. In so doing, national survey data of two different periods were analyzed and the primary results are summarized as follows; aggregate assets of both generations have risen, and the rising household debt for baby-boomers was related to loans for living expenses while eco-boomer's debt was ascribed to home-buying loans. In the midst of economic slowdown, the age cohorts had conservative asset allocation in preference for risk-averting investment like savings. The main purpose of saving and investment was distinctive across the groups? retirement for baby-boomers and home purchase for eco-boomers. Both groups prioritized reduction of household liabilities and also were cautious on investing in real estate. Still home-buying was considered to be an important driver for asset accumulation. While baby-boomers were unwilling to dispose any form of owned real estate, eco-boomers found it challenging to take on a long-term investment like home-buying, especially in economic uncertainties. Rather the young generation would diversify asset allocation with better-returning investment commodities like stocks, bonds and derivatives.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.296-300
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• 2011

It's well known that housing is one of the largest holdings in household wealth and at the same time the majority of households highly concentrate on it for their wealth accumulation. Coupled with a low interest rate and increasing housing price, the rationale is conspicuous and the propensity to debt-financed consumption becomes strengthened. This research was to examine the risk of home financing. In doing so, the study utilized several secondary data to identify the characteristics of households who finance loans for home buying in three regions of the nation - so-called Bubble 7, Seoul Metropolitan Area, and others. Based on the 2009 KB survey, the major findings were as follows: the majority of the studied households in Seoul Metropolitan Area who owned a house lived in rental housing, housing accounted for 89% of the household wealth, and home loans taken on were a ballon payment amortized for a short-term period (5 years) with an adjustable interest rate. In addition, the payment method most of the households depend on is income. The financing mechanism fueled debt load of the households, and further they are financially very vulnerable to such factors as increase in interest rate, unemployment and market downturn. In the absence of understanding the financial system, the consumption behavior leads to house-poor, so that financial accountability and ethics are addressed while the intervention of the government in home financing system should be more cautious but stimulate financial soundness in household wealth accumulation.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.407-419
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 최근 몇 년 동안 한국에서 사회적으로 큰 문제가 되고 있는 카드이용 고객의 연체 방지를 위해 기존 금융권을 이용하는 개인에 대한 연체 성향 분석을 수행한다. 연체 성향 분석의 대상은 현재 한국의 한 특정 은행 고객으로 하였으며, 여러 연체 가운데 신용카드 연체를 중심으로 연구하였다. 연체 성향과 요인이 분석되면 기존 은행 고객에 대한 향후 부실의 정도를 예측할 수 있으며 또한 미래의 고객에 대해서도 신용평가 시스템을 만들 수 있을 것이다. 연체 성향 분석을 위한 통계적 방법으로 연체 유/무에 대한 로지스틱 회귀모형을 적용하였고 연체가 있을시 연체금액에 대한 일반화 선형 모형을 적용하여 자료를 적합한 후, 유의한 설명변수들을 선정하여 반응변수와 설명변수들의 관계를 설명해 보았다. 분석 결과 연령, 건당 현금서비스 평균금액, 타사 현금금액, 수신잔액, 순수익이 연체 유무와 연체금액에 중요한 영향을 미치는 설명변수들임을 알 수 있었다.