• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.323-327
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• 2008

The population of the elderly and elderly living alone goes on increasing. Most elderly does not want to move into another place out of their present living environment. So it is essential to know their living conditions for the quality of living, especially the aged living alone out of their children' care. Unfortunately there is scarcely any house designed for the aged, especially elderly living alone until now. So this study investigated the living environment of the elderly living alone in gunsan city. The ratio of the female aged living alone is about 3 times than the male but the male population is increasing. Most of them are troubled with more than a disease and use aids and feel the necessity of the others' help. The ratio of the absolute poverty among the elderly living alone is about 30%. The majority of them are almost 65-84 years old with living detached house. Most of them own their house. They living in detached house are of a mind to remodel bath/toilet first of all and they living in apartment or row houses have a intention of remodeling an air conditioner and paper walls and ceiling and flooring of all things in house. As the bath and restroom have been pointed as a dangerous space for elderly, the elderly living alone pointed out them as to be remodeled. It seemed the air conditioner in house do not work well in view of their poor economic condition. For the elderly It is needed economic and institutional supports of private organization or government.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.23-44
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the preference for living with adult children of the baby-boomer generation and the elderly based on independent variables such as demographic characteristics, the values of their children and the consciousness for supporting their parents. The National Survey of Korean Families was done by the Ministry of Equality and Family in 2010. Respondents were 664 baby boomers and 628 elderly, and the results are as follows. First, the baby boomers rely heavily on their spouse, whereas the elderly rely heavily on their children. While both groups desire to live with their spouse in their later years, and the elderly rely the most on their children, they are reluctant to live together. This result shows that the elderly have high expectations for financial and emotional support from their children, but in reality, the elderly have lower expectations for living together and they prefer to live alone or with their spouse. Second, the boomers, who for the most part live in big cities, have comparatively high average monthly income and jobs and own a house, consider filial obligation as their own responsibility and yet tend to live independently. The boomers, who have a relatively high education level, consider living with aged parents as the children's obligation and consider their children as the most reliable people in their lives, and thus have high expectations to live together with their children. Third, the elderly, with a spouse, who consider having raised children to be their happiness, while considering providing financial support for the aging parents to be the children's responsibility, at the same time accept that the obligation of support lies on themselves, the government or the society, and thus have lower expectations of living with their children in later years. The elderly, now living with their family, with generous financial plans for their aging years and considering the children's success as their own success, have higher expectations of living together with their children.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.173-178
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to improve the understanding of housing experiences of the women in their 50's in Korean social-cultural context and to explore their housing trajectory. The grounded theory was adopted in this study to address the research questions. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with the seven women in their 50's. The major findings of this study are summarized as follows. First, the their housing experiences of childhood is characterized by emotional and affective memory, whose sub-categories are nature and large family. Second, the respondents are categorized into two types according to their tenure of their first house after marriage. the respondents who started the housing careers with rental housing tend to move more frequently than the one who procured homeownership at the early stage of life course. Third, the respondents are satisfied with their present housing, consider it as their final housing but most of them are ready to sell their present house and move to smaller or cheaper house when their children need to money to buy the house for marriage.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 1996

This study was aimed at providing valuable information that can help the government and the housing development staff deal with the problem with ‘Redevelopment Apartment Rehabilitation’ in Ulsan city.For the purpose of this study, questionaire are constructed with contents about socio-demography factors, housing factors. attitute forward reconstruction, and housing needs of respondents. questionaire were collected from 232 housewives living in old-aged and deteriorated apartment houses in Ulsan. Apartment houses of respondents are 5 floor. more than 100unit houses. and above 10 years old the living size of apartmet is less than 25 pyoung(82.5m2) per unit house and average living size is 16~20 Pyoung(52.8m2~66.Om2)/unit house. Average family size is 4-5 persons. and average income is about 1,200,000 Won(about $ 1,500) Per month. The major findings are as follows :First, they want the reconstruction of old-aged and deteriorated apartment house very positively.Second. they want high rise building, more lager parking lot. market. sports facility. and play yard for children. Third they want that size of unit house is 26~30 pyoung85.8m2~99.0m2). the number of room is 3~4, the number of bathroom is 1-2. and type of access is stair style.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2009

These days mobile phone which were used mainly by grown-up persons are now widely used among children as well due to new social demands. Despite this trend, existing mobile phones are still being designed and produced according to the taste of people in their 20s and 30s, even the elderly, not satisfying physical, emotional and cognitive characteristics raised by children. This study aimed to extract the design factors of mobile phones for children by reflecting functional factors requested by children and parents in QFD's customer demands. First, functional and design factors requested in mobile phones for children were extracted from existing products and documentary records and some functional factors were selected through a process of integration and omission. The survey research was conducted on children and parents, based on the selected functional factors. Based on the survey research, functional factors were analyzed using AHP, and key functional factors considered by children and parents in mobile phones for children were investigated. Finally, in order to reflect the results in QFD, the correlation between functional factors and design factors was constructed as HOQ through experts' evaluation. The results showed that both children and parents recognized the basic functions such as telephoning, text messaging and phone directory as high priority functional factors, even though the relative importance was different between children and parents. Therefore, it is likely to satisfy the desires of both children and parents by designing mobile phones for children in consideration of design factors such as menu depth, button independence and button arrangement. It is expected that this study will promote experiments on design factors and propose basic data for and guidelines to mobile phone design for children.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2022

Background: Various types of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) exist in the public's living environment. They occur in different forms in terms of their physical and chemical properties and partition coefficients. As a consequence, indoor exposure to SVOCs occurs via various routes, including inhalation of air and airborne particles, skin contact, and dust intake. Objectives: To propose a method for assessing human exposure to the SVOCs occurring in the air of an indoor environment, the concentrations of SVOCs in house dust and organic films measured in a real residential environment were estimated in terms of gas-phase concentration using the partition coefficient. Assessment of inhalation exposure to SVOCs was performed using this method. Methods: Phthalates were collected from samples of house dust and organic films from 110 households in a real residential environment. To perform an exposures assessment of the phthalates present in organic films, gas-phase concentration was calculated using the partition coefficient. The airborne gas-phase concentrations of phthalates from the house dust and organic films were estimated and exposure assessment was performed based on the assumption of inhalation exposure from air. Results: As a result of the exposure assessment for gas-phase phthalates from house dust and organic films, preschool children showed the highest level of inhalation of phthalates, followed by school children, adults, and adolescents. Conclusions: This study includes the limitation of not considering different SVOCs exposure pathways in the health impact assessment, including those of phthalates in the indoor living environment. However, this study has the significance of performing exposure assessment based on exposure to SVOCs present in indoor air that originated from organic films in the indoor residential environment. Therefore, the results of this study should be useful as basic data for exposure and health risk assessments of SVOCs associated with organic films in the indoor environment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.11
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• pp.422-428
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• 2020

In today's world, most children are exposed to various manmade electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz. A developing child's brain is vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation; thus, their caregivers' concerns about the health effects of EMFs are increasing. EMF exposure is divided into 2 categories: extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3-3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. The biological effects of EMFs on humans include stimulation, thermal, and nonthermal, the latter of which is the least known. Among the various health issues related to EMFs, the most important issue is human carcinogenicity. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer's (IARC's) evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, ELFs and RFs were evaluated as possible human carcinogens (Group 2B). However, the World Health Organization's (WHO's) view of EMFs remains undetermined. This article reviews the current knowledge of EMF exposure on humans, specifically children. EMF exposure sources, biological effects, current WHO and IARC opinions on carcinogenicity, and effects of EMF exposures on children will be discussed. As well-controlled EMF experiments in children are nearly impossible, scientific knowledge should be interpreted objectively. Precautionary approaches are recommended for children until the potential health effects of EMF are confirmed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 1999

Accidents involving children are an important cause of death and disability. They also have enomorous financial implications. In order to prevent childhood accidents, research and education for safety should be strengthened. The purpose of this study was to determine how often young children have accidents and what factors affect the accident rate. The sample consisted of 771 children who were in the second, third and forth grades of two elementary schools located in Kyung-gi Province. One school had students from middle class families living in apartment complexes and the other, students from lower income families mainly living in single houses. The questionnaires included items on the occurance of accidents and the parents' attitudes regarding accidents during the academic year from March 1997 to February 1998. The Questionnaires were distributed to conventiently selected students to be compeleted by their parents and collected during the period of May 28, to June 6, 1998. The data were analyzed using SAS PC statistical package. The results of the study are as follows ; 1. Of 771 student subjects, 393 had 887 accidental injuries during the study period. 2. The month, the day and the time with the highest accident rate were May, Sunday, and between 1 and 4 p. m. each. 3. In the analysis of the location where the injury took place, the most frequent place was on around their homes followed by school and, then, inside the home 4. Most of the accidents were caused by carelessness on the part of the children and the most frequent type of injury was an abrasion. 5. Children most injured their legs 6. They were treated at home most often and usually emergency treatment was performed by family members with, disinfection being the main type of first aid. Cost of the treatment ranged from 8,000 to 20,000 won in most cases. 7. House type and parents' education level were statistically significant in chi-square analysis. 8. Parents educate their children about traffic safety most frequently followed by fire safety and, then, prevention of violence. 9. Parents think that prevention of violence should be the most important part of injury prevention education both at school and home. 10. To identify factors related to accident occurrence, multiple logistic regression was performed and the main factors were birth order and house type.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.81-97
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• 1991

The purpose of this study is to investigate husband's view of homemanagement on traditional living-culture as related to consciousness and practice for housework. View of homemanagement is the main concept which continuse regardless of era changes of Korean homemanagement. It is appeared in the old book with the authority of educational contents for homemanagement written the criteria. The subjects of this study were 445 husbands living in Seoul. The questionaire was used as a methodological instrument. Data were analysed by SPSS computer programs. Such method as frequency, F-test, Duncan's Multiple Range test were used. The major result of the study can be summarised as follows: 1. The factors of husband's environmental variables(age, education, the number of children, wive's education, the age at marriage, house from) have significant effects on the husband's view of homemanagement. 2. Husband's consciousness for housework was different according to the wive's job and practice for housework was influenced by environmental variables(the age at marriage, the number of children, house form, wive's job). 3. The higer husband's view of homemanagement, the more practice for housework (housing, child and family care, homemanagement).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1991

The purposes of this study are: 1) To find out overall family life issues percieved by the middle-classhousewives in their forties. 2) To examine detailed aspects related to middle years crises, leisure activities, children issues, family economy issues, and housing issues. 3) To clarify solutions to, and provide basic data on family issues raised by the middle-class families. The middle-class housewives in their forties living in the Seoul area were the subject of the survey. The sample size analysed in this study was 422. Data were analysed by the frequency, mean, percentile, standard deviation, X2-test, analysis of variance, multiple classification analysis, analysis of multiple regression, and Scheffe-test as a post-hoc analysis. The conclusions are as follows: First, the middle-class housewives tend to give more importance on children issues, especially on academic achievement and career development. Second, family cohesion of middle-class families is comparatively high and intra-familial conflict is low, and middle years crisis of housewives is comparatively low, too. Third, the stability of middle-class families can be found in household economic management patterns. one fourth of the families own stocks and two fifths of the families own real estate except their own dwelling house. Be based on their property income add to their labor income, middle-class families are showed their economic stability, however, intra-class inequality is found, too. Fourth, the great part of middle-class families that possess their own house, tend to be unsatisfied with their housig scale, and a half of the families expect to enlarge their housing scale for more comfortable and convient living.