• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.388-402
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• 1996

Background : To compare the diagnostic accuracies of High-resolution CT(HRCI) and chest radiography in the diagnosis of diffuse infiltrative lung disease(DILD). Methods : This study included ninety-nine patients with a diagnosis of acute or chronic DILD, representing 20 different diseases. Twelve normal subjects were included as control. The disease state was confirmed either pathologically or clinically. Radiographs and CT scans were evaluated separately by three independent observers without knowledge of clinical and pathologic results. The observers listed three most likely diagnoses and recorded degree of confidence. Results : The sensitivity of HRCT in the detection of DILD was 98.9% compared to 97.9% of chest radiography. Overall, a correct first-choice diagnosis was made in 48% using chest radiographs and in 60% using HRCT images. The correct diagnosis was among the top-three choices in 64% when chest radiographs were used, and in 75% when HRCT images were reviewed. Overally a confident diagnosis was reached more often with HRCT(55%) than with chest radiography(26%). The correct first-choice diagnosis increased remarkably when the HRCT was used in usual interstitial pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis and lymphangitic carcinomatosis. Conclusion : HRCT is confirmed to be superior to conventional radiography in the detection and accurate diagnosis of DILD. HRCT is especially valuable in the diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia, miliary tuberculosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, and lymphangitic carcinomatosis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 1998

Background: Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia(CEP) presents with profound systemic symptoms, including fever, malaise, night sweats, weight loss, and anorexia together with localized pulmonary manifestations such as cough, wheeze, and sputum. It is an illness occurring predominantly in women. The chest radiogragh shows fluffy opacities that often have a characteristic peripheral configuration. The hallmark of CEP is the peripheral blood eosinophilia and a prompt response to oral corticosteroid therapy. We investigated characteristics of eleven patients of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, reported in Korea. Method: There were eleven reports of CEP from 1980 to 1996, including three cases experienced in our hospital. The journals were analysed in respects of clinical history, laboratory, and radiographic findings. Results: 1) Male vs. female ratio is 3 : 8. The peak incidence occurred in forty and fifty decades. The atopic diseases were present in 6 cases. Asthma was the commonest manifestation 2) The presenting symptoms were as follows: cough, dyspnea, sputum, weight loss, fever, general weakness, night sweats, urticaria with the descending incidence. 3) Peripheral blood eosinophilia was present in all patients(mean ; 38.4%) and serum IgE level was elevated in nine patients(mean ; 880IU/ml). Conclusion: The diagnosis of chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is based on classic symptoms, including fever, night sweats, weight loss with a typical roentgenogram of peripheral pulmonary infiltrates and peripheral blood eosinophilia, and that is confimed by lung biopsy and/or bronchoalveolar lavage. Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia is responsive to corticosteroid promptly and recommended at least 6 months of therapy to prevent relapse.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.807-816
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• 1999

Background: Sarcoidosis, uncommon in Korea, has variable clinical course, ranging from benign self-limited recovery to life-long disability regardless of corticosteroid therapy. The purpose of this study is to observe the clinical course of untreated sarcoidosis. Methods: Twenty four patients who were confirmed as sarcoidosis by tissue diagnosis were included. For average 12month follow-up periods, subjective symptoms, radiologic findings, and parameters of pulmonary function test(FVC, $FEV_1$, DLco) were evaluated every 3mooths compared between corticosteroid treated(n=5) and non-treated(n=19) patients. 'Deterioration' was defined if patients met more than one of followings (1) decrement in any parameters of pulmonary function test(2) worsening in the degree of dyspnea(3) increase in radiologic extents, and (4) newly developed extrapulmonary sarcoidosis. 'Stable' was defined as no significant interval changes in every parameters. 'Improvement' was defined as decrement of extension of the radiologic lesions without deterioration. Results: Among 19 untreated sarcoidosis patient, one deteriorated, 14 improved(13 of them showed complete resolution in radiology), and 4 were remained stable. On the other hand, five corticosteroid treated patients, uveitis was developed in one, 2 improved, and 2 remained stable. Conclusion : These findings suggest that patient with sarcoidosis, especially those without serious extrapulmonary disease, has stable clinical course and would not need corticosteroid therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

Objective: Birth sex ratio (BSR) with human IVF-ET program is an interesting subject of social and scientific issue but very little information is available in Korea. This study was performed to assess the BSR with IVF-ET and to suggest the effective factors on the BSR. Methods: The national data from 1991~2008 were obtained from governmental Statistics Korea and the delivery data of human IVF-ET program on 2007 and 2008 were provided from the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. The BSR were statistically analyzed according to methods of IVF and to transferred embryos from fresh or frozen-thawed cycles. Results: The BSRs of Korean populations were over 1.10 up to 2002, and then it declined and maintained to 1.06 as balance BSR on 2007 and 2008. In human IVF-ET program, the BSRs were 1.07 on 2007 and 1.06 on 2008, respectively. Conventional IVF on 2008 showed the highest BSR as 1.10, and ICSI the lowest on 2008 as 1.01. There was no significant difference of BSRs related to the methods of in vitro fertilization and the feature of transferred embryos. Conclusion: The BSR of Korea showed 1.06~1.07 as normal and balanced state on 2007 and 2008 both general populations and human IVF-ET program. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the BSR of human IVF-ET in Korea. There is a need to expand the further studies for national statistics and influencing factors on the BSR with IVF-ET.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.78-92
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• 1974

It is the purpose of this study to make clear the way in which people can lead a more desirable human life, that is, to ascertain the method of achieving therapeutic change through transaction between nurses and psychiatric patients. The various problems proposed by th9 above-stated aims of study can be shown, such as: What kind of influences does the method of a nurse′s communication have upon the response of psychiatric patients? 1) What are the general methods of communication used by the nurses? 2) Are there any differences between the control group and experimental group in the patients′ "Child" response? 3) Are there any differences between the control group and experimental group in the Patients "Adult" response? 4) What is the most desirable method of communication for therapeutic change in the patients? In an effort to solve the above questions this study attempted and managed to draw a random sampling of 200 patients being accommodated in the National Mental Hospital by dividing them into two groups, experimental groups and control groups, and recording the transactions between nurses and patients. In the course of carrying,: out this study, the experimental group was interviewed by the nurses specially trained In the P.A.C theory. and the control group interviewed at random by the nurses with no special training in communication. Further, the communication between nurses and patients in a free, relaxed atmosphere was allowed only for 15 minutes, whereupon the nurses were requested to make process-recording according to her memory of nurse patient transaction. The process-recording which recorded a series ol transactions between the nurses and the patients was analyzed according to Berne and Harris′transactional Analysis Standard. Through this standard, the writer of this study examined the significance of difference to compare the transactions brought forth between the experimental group and the control group. The following is a summary of the study which the writer of this thesis undertook. Hypothesis to The method of communication which the nurses usually apply to the patients will be higher in "Parent" than in "Adult". The communication which the nurses carried out in the control group turned out to be not significant between "Adult" and "Parent" Accordingly hypothesis 1. carne to be rejected. Hypothesis 2. The patients "Adult" response will be higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to the result of a CR examination, as the communication showed a significant difference on P〈.01 level′ hypothesis 2 became affirmative. Hypothesis 3. The patients′"Child" response will be higher in the control group than in the experimental group. Hypothesis 3 proved affirmative since it showed an significant degree on P〈.01 level according to the result of a CR examination. Hypothesis 4 "Adult" response of the patient will be higher in frequency by nurses′"Adult" stimulus than nurse′s "Parent" stimulus Chi-square examination revealed significant difference on P〈.05 level. Hypo. 4 is affirmed. The following conclusions are drawn out based on the result of this study. 1) The generally used method of communication stimulus used by nurses for patients proved to be "Adult" and "Parent" in similar proportion. 2) The group in which the nurses could increase the patients "Adult" response proved to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Therefore, the communication (or stimulus) which has been applied in the experimental group can be said to be possible method of achieving therapeutic change. 3) Since the patients′"Child" response were higher in the control group than in the experimental group the communication method used In the control group was suggested as the less agreeable method of achieving therapeutic change than that used in the experimental Group. 4) "Adult" response of patient was elicited in significantly greater percentage when the "Adult" stimulus was used by the nurse. Therefore the most desirable method of-communication to give therapeutic change definitely was shown to be the "Adult" stimulus. Recommendations for further studies are as follows: 1) Studies on nurses′role perception in nurse-patient relationships. 2) Studies on patients′response to the method of communication used by nurses according to variables such as sex, social status, educational background, state of health. 3) Application of T.A, method to various groups of patients. 4) Study of various methods to improve student skill in use of process recording.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 2005

As people prefer to use right or left hand, some have preferred chewing side while others do not. Totally, 82 volunteers composed of students and staffs from Dental Hospital College of Dentistry Yonsei University participated in this study for the investigation of influence of preferred chewing habit, that has lasted for more than a year, on electromyographic(EMG) activity of masticatory muscles and bite force. Among the 82 volunteers, 46 had preferred chewing habit while the other 36 did not. Prior to the investigation, those with factors that could affect the study, such as, general disease, irregular dentition and malocclusion, were screened and excluded by questionnaire and clinical examination. The results were as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in EMG activities between chewing side and non-chewing side of preferred chewing subjects at rest as well as maximal voluntary contraction(MCV)(p>0.05). 2. Asymmetrical coefficient of temporal and masseter muscle EMG activities between preferred chewing subjects and non-preferred chewing subjects at rest was not significantly different(p>0.05). 3. Asymmetrical coefficient of masseter EMG activity was significantly higher(p<0.05) than that of non-preferred chewing subjects at MCV, whereas that of anterior temporal muscle showed no difference(p<0.05). 4. In preferred chewing subjects, there was no significant difference in average bite force and occlusal contact area between chewing side and non-chewing side(p>0.05). 5. There was no significant difference in Asymmetrical coefficients of average bite force and occlusal contact area between preferred chewing subjects and non-preferred chewing subjects (p>0.05). Consequently, preferred chewing habit can be considered as physiological asymmetry with normal function rather than to have influence on EMG muscle activity of masticatory muscles, average bite force and occlusal contact area. Objective standardization to differentiate preferred chewing subjects and non-preferred chewing subjects should be established in the further study.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the muscoulosckeletla pain from 214 dental hygienist during treatment process in Ulsan and Kyungnam. The data collection was done from March to May in 2009 with questionnaire. The study results were as follows. In the participant's age characteristic, under 23 years old(34.1%) was majority, other participant age group were 24~26 years old(33.6%), 25~29 years old(20.6%), and over 30 years old(11.7%). Other participant characteristic were unmarried participant(86.4%), none religion(43.5%), and graduation from college(88.3%). In the participant's business characteristic, working place were dental clinic(57.5%), and dental hospital(42.5%), career was 1~2 years(42.5%) and a number of change job was once(45.1%). Salary were 1,300,000~1,490,000 won (33.6%), 1,500,000~1,990,000 won(29.9%), under 1,300,000 won(26.2%), 2,000,000~2,490,000 won(7.5%). A number of dental hygienist was over 20 person(85.9%) and the average dental hygienist was 15.6 person. A number of dentist were one person(28.5%), 2 person(22.4%), 4 person(19.2%) and the average dentist was 3.2 person. Dental hygienist's working hour was 8~9(49.5%), a large part of dental hygienist was assistance of general treatment(70.1%). Other results were 5 days/week working(60.3%), and night shift(49.1%). In an effect of musculoskeletal pain during working, neck pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward 15 degree or head round", "non balanced shoulders", "bend waist", "bend wrist", and "sit astraddle on a chair". Shoulders pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward over 15 degree", "bend waist", and "stand up straightly". Knee pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "stand up straightly", and hip pain was influenced by "sit astraddle on chair".

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.57-82
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• 2012

The purpose of the study is to suggest the measure for the improvement of job satisfaction and level of empowerment of sanatoriums' social workers by analyzing factors of empowerments' effect on the job satisfaction, and investigating level of empowerment and job satisfaction of social workers of sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped. The result of investigation and analysis on subjects of 420 social workers of sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped in Youngnam area for this is as follows: First, job characteristic that is empowerments' influence factor of sanatoriums' social workers is appeared in order of feedback, and function variety, and in organization characteristic is appeared in order of leadership, reward, and employee development. Second, level of empowerment that is recognized by sanatoriums' social workers is appeared a little higher than normal level and significance is appeared highest, and next are capability, self-determination ability, and influence. Third, features that showed significant difference with significance in general characteristic of sanatoriums' social workers were 'sex', 'marital status', and 'religion', and features that showed significant difference with capability were sex, age, marital status, academic background, and employment history. And features that showed significant difference with self-determination ability were sex, age, marital status, and employment history, and features that showed significant difference with influence were sex, age, employment history and types of facilities. Fourth, the whole average of job satisfaction of sanatoriums' social workers was 3.82 out of 5, which is generally high, features that showed significant difference statistically were age, marital status, academic background, employment history, and types of facilities. Thus, job satisfaction was appeared as high as 'more than age of thirty' in age, 'married' in marital status, 'under graduates of colleges' in academic background, and 'less than three years' in employment history. Fifth, as for factors that had influence on job satisfaction, the indirect effect with empowerment was appeared that had significant effect in organization characteristic, and had few effect in organization features. On these results, practical measures to increase job satisfaction of sanatoriums' social workers are as follows: First, political approach is required to standardize duty system(by various types of facilities and clients' characteristic) of social workers of sanatoriums for elderly and the handicapped, and help to do the role as professionals with giving better treatment and building self-respect by enough reward. Second, to suggest chances to perform the responsibility for the duty of the scenes by the regular supervision, establish regular supervision system of social workers of sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped, and the extension of duty to increase the functional varieties. Third, it is required to motivate to have self confidence for the work and to use potential ability with transforming leadership, and to have more chances of education for the self-development. To increase job satisfaction of sanatoriums' social workers who give direct services in sanatoriums for the elderly and the handicapped, more active and positive empowerment's level improvement is in need by improvement of empowerment for them.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 1999

Objectives: To investigate the effect of mandibular repasitioning device on airway sige and airway collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS). Methods: Cine CT with polysomnographic monitoring was performed during sleep in nine(OSAS) patients before and after manibular repositioning device(MRD) application. Axial CT images were obtained in five upper airway levels(retropalatal-high, retroalatal-low, retroglossal, epiglottis, and hypopharynx levels). In each airway level, one axial CT image was obtained during sleep apnea period and 10 serial axial CT images were scanned every 1 second during normal sleep breathing. After wearing MRD, all CT images were obtained by the same method. The cross-sectional areas of airway were measured by automatic tracing method. The changes of minimum airway size and maximum airway size after MRD were evaluated. The airway collapsibility was calculaed before and after MRD. Results: During sleep apnea, the airway of retropalatal-low level was the most frequently narrowest site. During normal sleep breahing the minimum airway size was increased significantly after MRD at retropalatal-low level(p=0.011). The mean airway collapsibility was the highest at retropalatal-low level. MRD decreased the airway collapsibility significantly at retropalatal-low level(p=0.021) and epiglottis level(p=0.038). Conclusions: The enlargement of the minimum airway size and decreased airway collapsibility may be the therapeutic mechanism of MRD in obstructive sleep apnea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.474-483
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• 1992

Background: Regardless of its causes, acute lung injury is characterized pathophysiologically by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and the protein-rich edema. Many inflammatory mediators are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury, including oxygen free radicals (OFR). But the changes in pulmonary capillary pressure in the OFR-induced acute lung injury is not clear. While the pulmonary edema characterized by the movement of fluid and solutes is dependent on the pressure gradient and the alveolar-capillary permeability, the role of pulmonary capillary pressure in the development of pulmonary edema is also not well understood. Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: normal control (n=5), xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XO)-treated group (n=7), catalase-pretreated group (n=5), papaverine-pretreated group (n=7), and indomethacin-pretreated group (n=5). In isolated perfused rat lungs, the sequential changes in pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary capillary pressure by double occlusion method, and lung weight as a parameter of pulmonary edema were determined. Results: Pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary capillary pressure were increased by X/XO. This increase was significantly attenuated by catalase and papaverine, but indomethacin did not prevent the X/XO-induced increase. Lung weight gain was also observed by X/XO perfusion. It was prevented by catalase. Papaverine did not completely block the increase, but significantly delayed the onset. Indomethacin had no effect on the increase in lung weight. Conclusion: These data suggest that increased pulmonary capillary pressure by OFR may aggravate pulmonary edema in the presence of increased alveolar-capillary permeability and this may not be mediated by cyclooxygenase metabolites.