• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.78-87
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• 2021

Information technology (IT) has been applied to various fields, and currently, IT devices and systems are used in very important areas, such as aviation, industry, and national defense. Such devices and systems are subject to various types of malicious attacks, which can be software or hardware based. Compared to software-based attacks, hardware-based attacks are known to be much more difficult to detect. A hardware Trojan horse is a representative example of hardware-based attacks. A hardware Trojan horse attack inserts a circuit into an IC chip. The inserted circuit performs malicious actions, such as causing a system malfunction or leaking important information. This has increased the potential for attack in the current supply chain environment, which is jointly developed by various companies. In this paper, we discuss the future direction of research by introducing attack cases, the characteristics of hardware Trojan horses, and countermeasure trends.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.639-643
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• 2021

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian pathogen. Recently, the equestrian population is increasing in Korea. The horse-related zoonotic pathogens, including E. bieneusi, are concerns of public health. A total of 1,200 horse fecal samples were collected from riding centers and breeding farms in Jeju Island and inland areas. Of the fecal samples 15 (1.3%) were PCR positive for E. bieneusi. Interestingly, all positive samples came from Jeju Island. Diarrhea and infection in foals were related. Two genotypes (horse1, horse2) were identified as possible zoonotic groups requiring continuous monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.63 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.4
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• 2023

Several outbreaks of Getah virus (GETV) have been reported in horses and pigs, causing large economic losses. However, there have been no reports describing serological survey for GETV in South Korea pigs. The present study conducted serological survey of GETV in South Korean pigs. A total of 670 whole blood samples were collected from domestic pigs. The overall seropositive rate was 26.4%, higher than the rates observed in racehorses in 2013-2014. Preparations for epidemics of novel diseases caused by climate change should include regular serological survey for these diseases, including GETV, and the development of vaccines against novel pathogens.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2024

Mongolian herders rely significantly on grazing their animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, yaks, and camels, in broad rangelands throughout the year. The availability of appropriate forage, the amount of hay and forage to be kept, and whether the animals will acquire physical strength from the pasture to make it through the impending cold season are all determined by the meteorological conditions of the year. Herders' principal source of income is animals, therefore preventing mortality is a top priority. In Mongolia, meadows are a major element determining cattle live weight. However, in the summer of 2022, Mongolia faced a drought, which resulted in inadequate pastures and starved cattle. Livestock might lose weight in these situations due to a lack of supplemental feeding.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.8.1-8.5
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• 2024

An 18-year-old miniature Appaloosa stallion presented with 6 months of history of sanguineous crusts on medial hind limbs and discomfort of micturition. Cauliflower-like and small masses were treated with cryotherapy for 6 months, but the regrowth of masses occurred. Subsequently, local excision via laser and topical treatment with 5% 5-fluorouracil for 5 months were followed. However, the horse was euthanized 4 months later due to regrowth of the masses. The mass was diagnosed as penile papilloma with cellular atypia and Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV-2) DNA was detected. This is the first report of equine penile neoplasm with EcPV-2 infection in Asia.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.391-398
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the polymorphism of transferrin exons 13, 15 and 16 by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism(SSCP) analysis and to compare their genotypes of Cheju horse Group I (Cheju Institute), Cheju horse Group II (farms), and Thoroughbred (KRA). SSCP of transferrin exon 13, 15, and 16 showed two (A, B), three (A, B, C) and three (A, B, C) codominant alleles, respectively. The Group I and Thoroughbred showed the similar frequencies of allele A and B in transferrin exon 13, but only allele A was observed in Group Ⅱ. In transferrin exons 15 and 16, the frequencies of each allele were different in each Groups. The multiple allele frequencies in exons 15 and 16 suggested that the genotyping of this locus could be used to identify an individual and to test the parentage of offspring. The probability for parentage exclusion were 0.46 and 0.374 for exons 15 and 16 for Cheju horse Group I. Among the 13 combined genotypes of exons 13, 15 and 16, the genotype AA-AB-AB (0.372) is the most common in Cheju horse Group I, but genotype AA-AA-AA is common in the Cheju horse Group II (0.366) and Thoroughbred (0.767). The present study showed two new SNP, which was at the cDNA position 1626 (A/G) in B allele of the exon 13 and 2075 (C/T) in C allele of the exon 16 resulting in amino acid change (Threonine $\longrightarrow$ Methionine). Result showed that polymorphism of exons 13, 15 and 16 in Cheju horses was as high as in Thoroughbred and there was a differences of transferrin allele frequencies in Cheju horses.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2018

This study was conducted to determine the effect of pentoxifylline levels on sperm motility, survival rate, sperm membrane integrity of frozen semen and fresh-extended equine semen in Jeju cross-bred horses. As a result of sperm characteristic comparison depending on pentoxifylline levles at 30 minutes post-thaw, the progressive motilities were $53.25{\pm}2.87$ (4mM pentoxifylline) and $50.28{\pm}2.14$ (8mM pentoxifylline) and significantly higher compared to the control group($40.09{\pm}5.15$) and other treatment group (16mM pentoxifylline, $41.27{\pm}2.82$). The progressive fast motility were $22.44{\pm}1.62$ (4mM pentoxifylline,) and $22.74{\pm}3.07$ (8mM pentoxifylline) and significantly higher compared to the control group ($13.47{\pm}1.48$) and other treatment group (16mM pentoxifylline, $14.66{\pm}3.68$) (p<0.05). As a result of sperm characteristic comparison depending on pentoxifylline levles at 30 minutes post-thaw were $68.96{\pm}1.64$ (4mM pentoxifylline) and $67.90{\pm}6.72$ (8mM pentoxifylline) and significantly higher compared to the control group ($53.48{\pm}4.84$) and other treatment group (16mM pentoxifylline, $58.14{\pm}2.65$) (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that treatment groups with 4mM and 8mM pentoxifylline were higher compare to equine seperm mobility and the control group and treatment groups with more than 16mM pentoxifylline has a negative effect on sperm characteristics. After thawing, the total motility in post-thawed equine sperm has increased by 10 percent for 1 hour. these results suggest that pentoxifylline contributes to the improvement of the equine sperm motility and characteristics in post-thawed semen.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.395-407
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• 2019

The duplex system has been considered as an important slip-transfer mechanism to evaluate the evolution of orogenic belts. Duplexes are generally found in the hinterland portion of fold-thrust belts and accommodate large amounts of total shortening. Thus, understanding its geometric and kinematic evolution can give information to evaluate the evolution of the entire orogenic belt. Duplexes are recognized as closed-loop thrust traces on map view, indicating higher connectivity than imbricate fans. As originally defined, a duplex is an array of thrust horses which are surrounded by thrust faults including the floor and roof thrusts, and imbricate faults between them. Duplexes can accommodate regional layer-parallel shortening and transfer slip from a floor thrust to a roof thrust. However, an imbricate fault is not the only mean for layer-parallel shortening (LPS) and displacement transfer within duplexes. LPS cleavages and detachment folds can also play the same role. From this aspect, a duplex can be divided into three types; 1) fault duplex, 2) cleavage duplex and 3) fold duplex. Fault duplex can further be subdivided into the Boyer-type duplex, which was firstly designed duplex system in the 1980s that widely applied most of the major fold-thrust belts in the world, and connecting splay duplex, which has different time order in the emplacement of horses from those of the Boyer-type. On the contrary, the cleavage and fold duplexes are newly defined types based on some selected examples. In the Korean Peninsula, the Yeongwol area, the western part of the Taebaeksan Zone of the Okcheon Belt, gives an excellent natural laboratory to study the structural geometry and kinematics of the closed-loops by thrust fault traces in terms of a duplex system. In the previous study, the Yeongwol thrust system was interpreted by alternative duplex models; a Boyer-type hinterland-dipping duplex vs. a combination of major imbricate thrusts and their connecting splays. Although the high angled beds and thrusts as well as different stratigraphic packages within the horses of the Yeongwol duplex system may prefer the later complicate model, currently, we cannot choose one simple answer between the models because of the lack of direct field evidence and time information. Therefore, further researches on the structural field investigations and geochronological analyses in the Yeongwol and adjacent areas should be carried out to test the possibility of applying the fold and cleavage duplex models to the Yeongwol thrust system, and it will eventually provide clues to solve the enigma of formation and its evolution of the Okcheon Belt.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.224-230
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrate feeding frequency on weight change and the colic of Jeju cross-bred horses. Around thirty-six old Jeju cross-bred horses were divided into three groups and were investigated by feeding the concentrate feed at 2.5% of their body weight 2 times, 3 times, or 4 times daily. Although the total weight gain and daily weight gain for the different feeding frequencies were higher with feeding concentrates 4 times daily compared with the other treatment groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). Rectal temperatures were above the normal range in weeks 11 to 12, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). Fecal pH was below the normal range in weeks 1 to 12, but there were no colic symptoms with any of the treatments and there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). When feeding concentrate feed at 2.5% of body weight, it was assumed that trying to feed it several times per day would help to prevent colic; however, there was no difference in weight gain, blood characteristics, and physiological characteristics in accordance with the number of feeding times.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2020

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding TMR(Total Mixed Ration) with Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai of Jeju cross-bred horses on the body weight and blood composition. Fourteen herds of Jeju cross-bred horses older than 36 months were selected as experimental animals. The experiment was conducted by dividing the herds into seven herds for feeding TMR with 20% Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai(treatment) and another seven herds for feeding TMR without Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai(control) and water were fed ad libitum. In the 12th week, the MPV(mean platelet volume) was statistically significantly higher with Sasa TMR than with control (p<0.05). However, both MPV levels are within a normal range and there were no health problems. With regard to the levels of cholesterol, there was a statistically significant difference between the 33.8±5.9 mg/㎗ with individual management and 25.4±8.2 mg/㎗ with control group (p<0.05). But It are also within a normal range and there were no health problems. In conclusion, feeding TMR with 20% Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai of Jeju cross-bred horses could be utilized as a feeding method for horse.