• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2013

The present paper defines diversity gain for stationary users. This deals in particular with gathering the received signal statistics over possible user positions and orientations in space rather than over time, and to define a meaningful diversity gain related to the cumulative improvement of the performances of the 1% users with the worst receiving conditions. The definition is used to evaluate diversity gain for some typical small antennas in an extreme environment with only line-of-sight (LOS). The LOS environment is regarded as user-distributed 3D-random LOS caused by the statistics of an ensemble of stationary users with arbitrary orientations in the horizontal plane (2D), and with arbitrary orientations of their wireless devices in the vertical plane. Thus, an overall 3D-random distribution of user orientation is assumed.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제25권9B호
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• pp.1511-1517
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• 2000

A new slot-coupled back-to-back microstrip array antenna is proposed for using in the IMT-2000 base station or repeater antenna. This antenna is composed of symmetrical SSAIP(Strip Slot, Air Inverted Patch) It has bidirectional radiation pattern in horizontal plane and 22.5$^{\circ}$main beam squint in vertical plane. The analysis is based on the cavity model and the design is achieved using Ensemble. Experimental results for the radiation pattern and the return loss have shown that the direction of the main beam is about 21$^{\circ}$and the impedance bandwidth is approximately 22.9% Thus the proposed antenna is able to operate over both uplink and downlink frequencies in IMT-2000.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2011

In this study, breakdown characteristics of a vertical sphere-plane air gap in the presence of combustion flame were examined under the application of a.c. and d.c. high-voltages in order to investigate the effect of flame on the dielectric strength of air. Propane gas is used as the fuel of the flame, and the temperature distribution of air around the flame is measured. The polarity effects for the d.c. voltages and breakdown voltages of air when applied both of a.c. and d.c. voltages were examined in the case of the variation of the gap length and the horizontal distance between the flame and the high-voltage sphere electrode. The influence of relative air density, electrification and shape changes of the flame as factors that affect the breakdown voltages were discussed.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.4541-4554
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• 2019

This paper proposes a planar projection DV-hop location algorithm (PTCDV-hop) based on the LED semi-angle at half power (SAHP, which accounts for LED SAHP characteristics in visible light communication (VLC)) and uses the DV-hop algorithm for range-free localization. Distances between source nodes and nodes positioned in three-dimensional indoor space are projected onto a two-dimensional plane to reduce complexity. Circles are structured by assigning source nodes (projected onto the horizontal plane of the assigned nodes) to be centers and the projection distances as radii. The proposed PTCDV-hop algorithm then determines the position of node location coordinates using the trilateral-weighted-centroid algorithm. Simulation results show localization errors of the proposed algorithm are on the order of magnitude of a millimeter when three sources are used. The PTCDV-hop algorithm has higher positioning accuracy and stronger dominance than the traditional DV-hop algorithm.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2017

In this study, the characteristics of a horizontal sundial from the Joseon Dynasty were investigated. Korea's Treasure No. 840 (T840) is a Western-style horizontal sundial where hour-lines and solar-term-lines are engraved. The inscription of this sundial indicates that the latitude (altitude of the north celestial pole) is $37^{\circ}$ 39', but the gnomon is lost. In the present study, the latitude of the sundial and the length of the gnomon were estimated based only on the hour-lines and solar-term-lines of the horizontal sundial. When statistically calculated from the convergent point obtained by extending the hour-lines, the latitude of this sundial was $37^{\circ}$ $15^{\prime}{\pm}26^{\prime}$, which showed a 24' difference from the record of the inscription. When it was also assumed that a convergent point is changeable, the estimation of the sundial's latitude was found to be sensitive to the variation of this point. This study found that T840 used a vertical gnomon, that is, perpendicular to the horizontal plane, rather than an inclined triangular gnomon, and a horn-shaped mark like a vertical gnomon is cut on its surface. The length of the gnomon engraved on the artifact was 43.1 mm, and in the present study was statistically calculated as $43.7{\pm}0.7mm$. In addition, the position of the gnomon according to the original inscription and our calculation showed an error of 0.3 mm.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 2010

Purpose : To identify whether isometric shoulder horizontal extension (ISHE) exercise could sufficiently activate the lumbar multifidus muscle, and to determine appropriate exercise intensity to increase muscle strength. Methods : Twenty healthy volunteers (10 males and 10 females) participated in this study. ISHE exercises on the dominant side were performed with $90^{\circ}$ shoulder abduction held in $90^{\circ}$ elbow flexion so that their arms were in the horizontal plane. Electromyographic (EMG) measurements of multifidus activation were performed in standing and supine positions, and were taken under four strength conditions: 75%, 50% and 25% of maximum shoulder horizontal extension strength, and maximum strength. Results : The EMG activations of both lumbar multifidus increased significantly with ISHE exercises of larger % strength (p<.05). In their multifidus EMG data measured in standing and supine positions, men differed significantly in their 75%, 50% and 25% strength for both sides (p<.05), and women differed significantly in their 75%, 50% and 25% strength on their 5th lumbar vertebrae's left side, but 75% only for their 5th lumbar vertebrae's right side (p<.05). The EMG data of 5th lumbar vertebrae's left and 5th lumbar vertebrae's right sides appeared to differ significantly at all strength levels for men while standing, but only at the 25% level for women in the supine position (p<.05). These findings indicate that ISHE exercises can be considered a beneficial method to enhance the multifidus strength. Conclusion : This study provides useful information for further study in this field.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 설계 주파수 1.575 GHz에 대해, 패치안테나의 공진길이를 줄이기 위해, 패치의 양단 방사 에지를 음각부로 구성한 에지음각부 선형편파 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나를 제안하였다. 그 결과, 패치의 공진길이는 평면형의 80 mm에 비해 45 mm로 43.8 %의 단축율을 보였다 이득은 4.4 dBd, -3 dB 빔폭은 각각 E-면, H-면에서 112$^{\circ}$, 66$^{\circ}$를 나타내었다. 또한 패치의 전체 면적을 줄이기 위해, 패치 방사 개구상의 네 모서리가 모두 음각으로 구성된 마이크로스트립 패치 안테나를 통일한 설계주파수의 선형편파 및 원형편파에 대해 설계, 제작하였다. 먼저 선형편파의 경우, 패치의 W(폭)/L(길이) 비율이 1.2인 경우에 대해, 패치의 면적은 53 mm $\times$ 63.6 mm로서 평면형(80 mm $\times$ 96 mm)과 비교시 56.1 %의 면적축소효과를 얻었다. 이득은 4.3 dBd로서 평면형에 비해 3.7 dB 저하되었고, -3 dB 빔폭은 E-면, H-면에서 각각 120$^{\circ}$, 78$^{\circ}$를 나타내어 각각 62$^{\circ}$ 및 $10^{\circ}$ 증가하였다. 원형편파의 경우, 패치의 면적은 (54.2 mmx61.5 mm)로서 평면형(76 mmx83 mm)에 비해 47.2%의 패치면적 축소 효과를 얻었다. -3 dB 빔폭은 z-x 평면상의 수평편파 및 z-y 평면상의 수직편파 방사패턴에서 각각 108$^{\circ}$ 및 93$^{\circ}$로서, 평면형과 비교시 각각 52$^{\circ}$ 및 27$^{\circ}$ 증가되었다. 최대이득은 z-x평면상의 수평편파 패턴에서 2.5 dBd로 평면형에 비해 1.7 dB 저하되었다. 축비는 설계주파수 1.575 GHz에서 1.5 dB를 얻었으며, 2 dB 이하 축비 대역폭은 20 MHz (1.3 %)를 얻었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.375-379
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• 2010

Introduction: In the management of dentofacial deformities, variable movement of the maxilla can be made possible by a Le Fort I osteotomy. Posterior impaction of the maxilla necessary for rotation of the maxillomandibular complex enhances the functions and esthetic results. In cases of posterior impaction of the maxilla, an increase in the figure of the occlusal plane angle and incisor inclination can occur. This study reports the relationship between the amount of posterior impaction and the change in the occlusal plane angle and incisor inclination in a Le Fort I osteotomy by preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalograms. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery in Dong-A University Medical Center participated in this study. Lateral cephalometrics, within 3 weeks prior to surgery and 3 days after surgery, were used for analysis. Pre and postoperative measurements of the occlusal plane angle and incisal inclination based on the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane were performed. X and Y were defined as the amount of vertical change in the upper incisor tip and the amount of vertical change in the upper first molar mesial cup tip through the operation. The amount of final posterior maxillary impaction was determined by subtracting Y from X, which is the difference in vertical height. According to the amount of posterior maxillary impaction, the change in the occlusal plane angle and incisal inclination was measured. Results: The average posterior maxillary impaction was 2.91 mm and the average change in the occlusal plane angle and incisal inclination was $6.54^{\circ}$after surgery. As a result, each mm of posterior maxillary impaction changed the occlusal plane angle and incisal inclination by $2.25^{\circ}$. Statistically, there was high significance. Two cases were observed: one with the same amount of posterior maxillary impaction performed on both the right and left showing $2.20^{\circ}$, and the other with a different amount of posterior maxillary impaction performed showing $2.35^{\circ}$. In this case, there was no significance difference between the two cases. Conclusion: Each mm of posterior maxillary impaction changes the occlusal plane angle and incisal inclination by an average of $2.25^{\circ}$. In posterior maxillary impaction, there was no significant difference in the amount of change in the occlusal plane angle and incisal inclination regardless of whether there was an equal amount of posterior maxillary impaction on both sides. This study is expected to help in the presurgical orthodontic preparation and presurgical treatment planning.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 1980

The author observed the eruption pattern of the mandibular premolars. For this study the author took 406 cases of oblique cephalographs of 6 to 12 year old children. The measurement were with regard to the vertical and horizontal dimensional changes and tooth axis changes to the occlusal plane. The following results were obtained. 1. At stage V the tooth axis of 1st premolar inclined mesially to the occlusal plane, as the tooth erupt toward vertically the angulation changed that at stage X the tooth axis almost right angle to the occlusal plane. 2. The distance from the root apex of premolars to the lower border of mandible were slightly increased to the stage VII, while after stage VII rapid increasing appeared. At stage X the distance of 1st premolar was more longer than 2nd premolar. 3. The distance from the mesial surface of 1st molar to the mesial surface of premolars were decreased slightly to the stage VII, but this distances were decreased rapidly after stage VII. 4. The distance between distal surface of 1st premolar and mesial surface of 2nd premolar was almost constant before stage VIII, at stage IX this distance was little presented because the premolars were contacted.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.162-167
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• 2013

원형 구조를 갖는 평면 모노폴 UWB 안테나에서 접지면의 구조와 크기에 따른 입력 반사계수 특성의 변화를 연구하고, UWB 안테나가 장착되는 응용 기기에 따른 최적 접지면 구조와 크기를 제시하였다. 기준이 되는 원형 모노폴 안테나를 UWB 주파수 대역에서 동작하도록 반경 R 을 설계하였으며, 이 원형 모노폴을 수평면 접지 구조의 중심점에 올리고 시뮬레이션과 측정을 수행하여 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 연구 결과, 원형 모노폴의 반경이 작을 때 접지면의 적정 크기와 모노폴의 반경이 클 때 접지면의 최소 크기를 규정할 수 있었다.