• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate soft tissue cephalometric norms for Korean adults which can be implemented in surgical orthodontic treatment planning using selected horizontal reference plane especially for Koreans (Male: $SN-7.5^{\circ}$, Female: $SN-9.0^{\circ}$) and a simplified analytical method. 70 males and 70 females consisting of freshmen of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and students from the Dental College of Yonsei University were chosen according to clinical examination and cephalometric analysis. The samples had normal profiles, normal anteroposterior skeletal relationship(ANB angle of $0^{\circ}\;to\;4^{\circ}$ and Wits appraisal of -4.0mm to 0mm), and Class I molar and canine relationship. They had no missing or supernumerary teeth and had no experience of orthodontic or prosthetic treatment. After the selection of 15 soft tissue landmarks and the construction of horizontal and vertical reference lines, 25 measurements were taken. These consisted of vertical and horizontal linear measurements and angular measurements. The results were as follows. 1. Mean and standard deviation of the measurements were calculated in males and females. 2. Vertical measurements were comparably bigger in males than females whereas anterior facial height ratio(sN-Sn/Sn-sMe) and lower anterior facial height ratio(Sn-Stms/Stmi-sMe) showed no significant difference between sexes. 3. Most of the horizontal measurements in relation to the vertical reference line(G-perpendicular) showed no significant difference between sexes. 4. Nasofacial angle, columellar angle, nasolabial angle and facial contour angle showed no significant difference between sexes. 5. The upper and lower lip were positioned about $-1.0{\pm}2.0mm$ and $+1.0{\pm}2.0mm$ in relation to the Ricketts' esthetic line in both sexes. In this study, soft tissue cephalometric norms of Korean adults for orthognathic surgery were obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.221-230
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate hard tissue cephalometric norms for Korean adults which can be implemented in surgical orthodontic treatment planning using selected horizontal reference plane especially for Koreans (Male: $SN-7.5^{\circ}$, Female: $SN-9.0^{\circ}$) and a simplified analytical method. 70 males and 70 females consisting of freshmen of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and students from the Dental College of Yonsei University were chosen according to clinical examination and cephalometric analysis. The samples had normal profiles, normal anteroposterior skeletal relationship(ANB angle of $0^{\circ}$ to $4^{\circ}$ and Wits appraisal of -4.0mm to 0mm), and Class I molar and canine relationship. They had no missing or supernumerary teeth and had no experience of orthodontic or prosthetic treatment. After the selection of 23 landmarks and the construction of horizontal and vertical reference lines, 22 skeletal and 12 dental measurements were taken. These consisted of vertical and horizontal linear measurements and angular measurements. The results were as follows. 1. Mean and standard deviation of the measurements were calculated for males and females. 2. Most of the skeletal vertical measurements, and maxillary and mandibular length were bigger in males than females. Whereas anterior facial height ratio(N-ANS/ANS-Me) as well as maxillary and mandibular antero-posterior position in relation to the vertical reference line(N-perpendicular) showed no signigicant difference between sexes. 3. Maxillary and mandibular dental antero-posterior position in relation to the vertical reference line(N-perpendicular) showed no significant difference between sexes. 4. The upper incisor show(U1-Stms) was $2.1{\pm}1.7mm$ in males and $3.3{\pm}1.7mm$ in females. In this study, hard tissue cephalometric norms of Korean adults for orthognathic surgery were obtained.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.613-621
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• 2019

지하철역사의 일반적인 환승통행은 노선간환승과 역사환승을 의미한다. 노선간환승은 다른 두 노선의 열차를 갈아타기 위하여 환승통로와 같은 수평보행시설을 통해 이동한다. 역사환승은 스마트카드 진출입 단말기노선과 승하차 열차노선이 다른 상황에서 발생하는 보행통행으로 계단, 에스컬레이터와 같은 수직보행시설을 이용하면서 환승통로를 함께 이용하는 통행이다. 이러한 환승의 가정은 지하철 네트워크를 운행하는 모든 노선은 완행 또는 급행의 단일노선에 한정되었다는 한계를 포함하고 있다. 따라서 완행과 급행이 동일노선으로 운영되는 상황에서 노선내에서 발생되는 환승에 대한 검토가 수행되지 않았다. 노선내환승은 메트로9호선과 같이 급행 및 완행 정차역이 동일노선에서 운행되는 상황에서 발생한다. 본 연구는 스마트카드 자료기반의 급행 및 완행열차가 동일노선에 존재하는 지하철네트워크를 대상으로 노선내환승을 분석하는 방법론을 구축한다. 이를 위해 급행 및 완행열차를 분리하기 위한 네트워크확장기법을 구축하고 최소시간경로를 선택하는 과정에서 동일 노선의 내부 환승이 재현되는 경로선택모형을 제안한다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.188-198
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• 2022

지하의 단층들이 지표면까지 도달하지 못하면 단층의 유무를 인지 못하는 경우가 있다. HVSR 분석법으로 지표면 아래 단층의 존재를 판별할 수 있는지 살펴보기 위해 포항분지 흥해지역 동편의 곡강단층을 통과하는 지역을 선정하여 연구를 진행하였다. 교차하는 두개의 측선에서 조밀하게 관측한 배경잡음으로 HVSR 분석을 통해 공명주파수를 산정하였다. 연구지역 내 시추 자료의 기반암 깊이 정보와 시추 지역의 공명주파수를 이용해 상관식을 도출한 후 두측선에서의 공명주파수를 상관식에 적용해 기반암 심도를 산출하였다. HVSR 분석 결과 두 측선에서 기반암 심도가 급격히 변하는 곳이 있다. 특히 곡강단층 인근에서 공명주파수가 급격히 변화하였고, 기존에 알려진 단층이 없는 지역에서도 공명주파수와 기반암 심도가 급격히 변화하는 곳이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이 형상은 이전에 알려지지 않은 blind fault와 관련이 있을 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 지표면에서 인식하지 못하는 단층을 식별하기 위한 HVSR 방법의 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.35-48
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• 2004

In this study, by determining lower limb movements which cause significant changes in body surface lines, body parts with the greatest maximum expansion and contraction rate respectively were illustrated in descending order. Using unmarried female university students aged 18 - 24 as subjects, a total of 32 body surface categories (15 body surface lines and 17 body surface segment lines) were measured in one static and 9 movement poses. In particular, expansion and contraction levels and rates were measured and used in the analysis. The analysis first involved the calculation of the average measurement per body part in body surface line in static pose as well as of the average expansion and contraction levels and rates in 9 lower limb movements. Two-way MANOVA and multiple comparison analysis (Tukey) were conducted on movements and individual somatotypes regarding measurement per body part and expansion and contraction rates. Movements which cause measurements of body surface lines differed significantly in body surface line in static pose versus in movement were then identified. Among average expansion and contraction rates in such movements, maximum average expansion and contraction levels, maximum average expansion and contraction rate, and classes of expansion and contraction rate were determined per body part. The results of this study are as follows. First, 5 lower limb movements; F2, F5, F6, F7, F8, which caused significant changes in body surface lines were determined and illustrated in table 4. Second, the levels, rates, and classes of expansion and contraction rate per body part are illustrated in Tables 5 and 6. Body parts with the greatest maximum expansion rate were, in descending order: upper segment of center back leg line, upper segment of inner leg line, middle segment of center front leg line, posterior crotch length, anterior knee girth, anterior thigh girth, center back leg line, girth at crotch height, anterior midway thigh girth, hip girth, anterior crotch length, knee girth, waist girth, inner leg line, thigh girth, and crotch length. Those with the greatest maximum contraction rate were, in descending order: anterior crotch length, upper segment of center front leg line, lower segment of center back leg line, center front leg line, and posterior thigh girth. The maximum expansion rates and maximum contraction rates, which ranged from 2.05 to $35.95\%$ and from -0.20 to $-30.16\%$ respectively, were classified per body part into 4 ABCD classes. The body part with maximum expansion was the upper segment of the center back leg line at vertical body surface line, expanding by $35.95\%$ or 16.03cm in F5 flexion movement. In contrast, the body part with maximum contraction was the anterior crotch length at vertical body surface line, contracting by $-30.16\%$ or -10.54cm in F5 flexion movement. Both, however, were the body parts to expand or contract the most among all horizontal and vertical body surface lines.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.691-716
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• 2007

The purpose of the present work is to establish a method for predicting the location and depth of a crack in a circular cross section beam by only considering the frequencies of the cracked beam. An accurate knowledge of the material properties is not required. The crack location and size is identified by finding the point of intersection of pulsation ratio contour lines of lower vertical and horizontal modes. This process is presented and numerically validated in the case of a simply supported beam with various crack locations and sizes. If the beam has structural symmetry, the identification of crack location is performed by adding an off-center placed mass to the simply supported beam. In order to avoid worse diagnostic, it was demonstrated that a robust identification of crack size and location is possible if two tests are undertaken by adding the mass at the left and then right end of the simply supported beam. Finally, the pulsation ratio contour lines method is generalized in order to be extended to the case of rectangular cross section beams or more complex structures.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제8권4B호
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• pp.556-564
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• 1999

The analysis on heat fluxed on and transmission efficiencies by the collimators of neutral beam injection lines in KSTAR tokamak device has been carried out. And a mathematical model describing non-Gaussian beam distribution profile has been established. A neutral beam injection device is composed of 3 separate ion sources and corresponding beam transport lines, which deal with 7.8 MW of beam power, respectively. The divergence angles of ion beam are $1.2^{\circ}$and $0.5^{\circ}$, in vertical and horizontal directions, respectively. The maximum normal heat load on source exit scraper is 9.1 kW/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and net beam transmission efficiency is ~28%. The effect of misalignment of ion source and scrapers on the scraper heat load and beam transmission also has been analyzed.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2001년도 ICCAS
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• pp.153.5-153
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• 2001

This paper presents a simple modeling system that constructs 3D models from an indoor cylindrical environment map using all of the available geometry of the interior structure such as vertical and horizontal lines and parallel and perpendicular planes. The indoor scene abstract model is created through this system and the navigation through the process of 3D reconstruction. This system first automatically detects the vanishing points in a cylindrical environment map from parallel lines and planes, and determines the indoor scene topology previously defined using this information. The determined topology enables he user intervention UI simply construct a 3D model by using the photogrammetry. The modeling system can be ...

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.629-640
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• 2000

this paper present an efficient line-drawing algorithm that reduces the amount of space required, Because of its efficiency , this line-drawing algorithm is faster than the Bresenham algorithm or the recursive bisection method. this efficiency was achieved through a new data structure; namely , the modified segment tree (MST). Using the modified segment tree and the distribution rule suggested in this paper, we dra lines without generating the recursive calls used in [3] and without creating the binary operation used in [4]. we also show that line accuracy improves in proportion to the display resolution . In practice, we can significantly improve the algorithm's performance with respect to time and space, This improvement offer an increase in speed, specially with lines at or near horizontal, diagonal. or vertical ; that is, this algorithm requires the time complexity of (n) and the space complexity O(2k+1), where n is the number of pixels and k is a level of the modified segment tree.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1997년도 하계학술대회 논문집 E
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• pp.1804-1806
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• 1997

Route conditions, applied voltage and the condition of stringing conductors should be considered in determining standard types and skeleton diagrams of towers. In skeleton diagrams the necessary number of insulators and the air clearance have been decided by the results of studies on insulation coordination. Galloping, sleet-jumping, sag characteristics and the possibility of closeness of conductors should be considered according to the condition of stringing conductor and the span. After reviewing those factors, it is necessary to determine the minimum vertical and horizontal distance for the safety of transmission lines under any circumstances. Also it should be economical.