• 제목/요약/키워드: Holstein dairy cattle

검색결과 221건 처리시간 0.023초

깔짚우사 내 젖소분뇨 발생량 평가 (Evaluation of Dairy Manure Production in Bedded Pack Barn)

  • 조현수;이승훈;이재희;안희권
    • 한국축산시설환경학회지
    • /
    • 제21권1호
    • /
    • pp.29-34
    • /
    • 2015
  • This study was conducted to determine the amount of manure production from Holstein dairy cattle raised in bedded pack barn and the appropriate bedding material removal time. Total six heads of dairy cows (about 715 kg weight) were raised in three pens (two heads per pen) for 62 days. Average daily production of manure containing sawdust bedding was 21.2 kg per head and that of manure excluding bedding was 18.7 kg. Moisture content of bedding materials were significantly increased up to 86% of water holding capacity (WHC) of sawdust during the first 30 days. It kept very stable level after 30 to 50 days. Theoretically, 30 days after adding fresh bedding seems to be proper removal time only based on WHC. On the other hand, from a practical perspective, maximum 50 days after adding new bedding would be fine by comprehensively considering various factors such as bedding material purchasing cost, feeding environment and manure treatment.

대단위(大單位) 낙농목장(酪農牧場)에서의 소전염성결막각막염(傳染性結膜角膜炎)(IBK)의 임상적(臨床的) 및 세균학적(細菌學的) 관찰(觀察) (Clinical Bacteriological and Observations on Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) in an Integrated Dairy Farm)

  • 석호봉
    • 대한수의학회지
    • /
    • 제25권1호
    • /
    • pp.53-59
    • /
    • 1985
  • A group of 80 Holstein calves, many with clinical signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in summer seasons, was assembled for bacteriologic and ophthalmologic studies at an integrated dairy farm. Observations were started from 1980 to 1984 but bacteriological study was only carried out from thor spring in 1981 and continued during the Autumn in 1981. Corneal lesions and drugs sensitivity were also observed and the results obtained were as follows: 1. Occurrences of IBK-affected cattle during the 5 years were predominent to calves in summer. 2. Among 142 eyes from 80 cattle, 53 isolates of Moraxella bovis(37.3%) were isolated from 37 cattle(46.3%). The prevalence of the infection for clinical eyes were higher than nonclinical eyes calves. 3. Miscellaneous organisms were found from age groups of 5 months to 9 months old. It were 8 hemolytic Neisseria spp., 3 Fungi, Mycoplasma sp. and 1 Pseudomonas sp., but 9 samples were unknown. 4. Prevalence of infection with M. bovis in bilateral clinical eyes were higher than unilateral eyes. 5. Incidence of corneal lesion was predominent in early stage as a watery tears(21.0%) and late stage as a leukomas of corneal opacity(22.8%). 6. The number of isolations of M. bovis and incidence of IBK varied from year to year; Higher incidence of IBK clinical signs were showed in calves from 5 months to 10 months old and the number of isolations of M. bovis was declined in order 8 months(100.0%), 4 months(75.0%), 5 months(66.6%) and 8 months(66.6%) old calves. 7. Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin and Cephalothin were highly sensitive against M. bovis isolates and then Tetracycline, Neomycin, Erythromycin and Kanamycin were intermediate but low sensitive to Streptomycin, Colistin and Penicillin.

  • PDF

소의 혈청 비타민 E 농도와 결핍증에 관한 연구 (A Study on Serum Vitamin E Levels and Deficiency in Cattle)

  • 이경갑;박전홍;임윤규;김희석;이창우;최희인
    • 한국임상수의학회지
    • /
    • 제11권2호
    • /
    • pp.561-566
    • /
    • 1994
  • Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol was measured in cattle to evaluate normal range and to investigate the difference of $\alpha$-tocopherol levels between healthy cattle and diseased cattle. Seventy two heads of 1 year old beef Cattle have 429.9$\pm$77.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml of Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol. The Serum $\alpha$-tocopherol values of calves with diarrhea(8 heads), pneumonia(6 heads) and piroplasmosis(4 heads) were 87.1$\pm$19.2, 126.3$\pm$45.7 and 106.3$\pm$30.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml, respectively. But that of calves in good health (S heads) was 357.t$\pm$68.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1. And the values of diseased calves are significantly lower an that of calves in good health(p<0.05). Seasonaly, serum $\alpha$-tocopherol levels of dairy Holstein cows were 529.9$\pm$ 120.3(March), 540.2$\pm$127.2(June), 566.9$\pm$149.5(September) and 550,0$\pm$ 125.4(December)$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1, respectively. The values on autumn was the highest than that of othor seasons. Serum H-tocopherol level of cows with retained placenta was 262.2$\pm$40.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/100m1. And the level of retained placenta was significantly lower than that of healthy cattle regardless seasonal variation(p<0.05).

  • PDF

홀스타인 젖소의 비유속도형질에 대한 유전모수 추정 (Estimation of genetic parameters for milk flow traits in Holstein dairy cattle)

  • 조광현;이학교;이준호;박경도
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
    • /
    • 제24권3호
    • /
    • pp.487-493
    • /
    • 2013
  • 본 연구의 목적은 비유속도형질들에 대한 유전모수를 추정함으로서 개량형질로서의 가능성을 분석하여 젖소개량목표 설정 시 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 착유개시 3분 이내 평균 착유량 (3MG)은 8.97kg으로 총 착유량의 57%가 3분 이내에 비유되는 것으로 나타났으나 권장수치 70%에 비하여 낮게 나타났으며, 순간최고유속 (HMF), 주착유시평균유속 (DMHG)의 평균치는 각각 3.66kg/min와 2.43kg/min으로 각각의 권장수치 4.0~5.0kg/min과 3.0~4.0kg/min보다 낮게 나타남으로서 국내 젖소의 비유속도는 외국에 비해 느린 것으로 나타났다. 순간최고유속(HMF), 분당 최고유속 (HMG)과 주착유시간 분당평균유속 (DMHG)의 유전력은 각각 0.35, 0.31과 0.29로서 중도의 유전력을 지닌 개량에 적합한 형질로 판단되었다. 그리고 총착유량 (MGG)과 주착유시간 분당 평균유속 (DMHG)의 유전상관은 0.591이었으며, 비유속도 관련형질 (HMF, HMG, DMHG)간의 유전상관은 0.889 0.997의 범위를 나타내었다.

홀스타인 젖소 분뇨의 특성과 비료성분 및 오염물질 부하량 추정 (Characteristics of Manure and Estimation of Nutrient and Pollutant of Holstein Dairy Cattle)

  • 최동윤;최홍림;곽정훈;김재환;최희철;권두중;강희설;양창범;안희권
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
    • /
    • 제49권1호
    • /
    • pp.137-146
    • /
    • 2007
  • 2005년 말을 기준으로 우리나라의 농림업 생산액은 총 36.3조원으로 이중 축산업 생산액은 11.8조원으로 전체 생산액의 32.5%를 차지하여 가장 많은 비율을 점유하고 있으며(농림부, 2006), 유제품의 소비량도 꾸준히 증가하여 1인당 63.6kg의 우유․유제품을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다(농촌경제연구원, 2005). 이 같은 성장은 축산농가들이 국제 경쟁력 확보를 위해 그동안 보여준 각고의 노력과 꾸준한 투자의 결과로 평가되고 있으며, 이제는 축산물이 국민의 식생활에서 없어서는 안될 중요한 위치를 차지하게 되었다. 우리나라의 가축사육두수는 1970년대부터 해마다 계속 증가하여 2005년 말 현재 한우 1,819천두, 젖소 479천두, 돼지 8,962천두, 닭 109,628천수가 사육되고 있으며 사육농가의 전업화로 인하여 농가수는 점차 줄어들고 있는 반면에 농가당 사육두수는 증가하고 있는 실정이다(농림부, 2005). 농가당 평균 가축사육두수는 한우 8.8두, 젖소 51.7두, 돼지 671.4두, 닭 813.0수이며, 이중 부업이 아닌 전업농으로 볼 수 있는 한우 50두 이상의 사육농가가 전체 한우농가의 2.9%, 젖소 50두 이상 사육농가가 46.8%, 돼지 1,000두 이상의 농가가 21.6%, 닭 30,000수 이상의 농가가 1.0%를 차지하고 있어, 젖소가 다른 축종에 비해 전업농의 규모가 가장 많이 이루어졌다고 볼 수 있다(농림부, 2005). 따라서 매년 축산농가로부터 발생되는 분뇨의 양도 증가되고 있으며, 1990년초부터는 가축분뇨가 작물의 비료원으로 쓰이는 순기능보다는 환경오염의 한 요인으로 지목되면서 토양, 수질 및 대기오염이라는 역기능이 더 부각됨에 따라 도시근교의 낙농가, 초지나 사료작물포를 확보하지 못한 목장, 상수원 보호구역내에 위치한 목장에서는 분뇨처리에 고심을 하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 특히 체격이 크고 방목지 및 운동장 등의 야외에서 사육되는 경우가 많은 젖소는 다른 가축에 비해 분뇨배설량이 많을 뿐 아니라, 운동장 등 축사 외부에서 활동하는 시간이 많기 때문에 주변으로부터 환경을 오염시키는 주범으로 지목을 받아 왔다. 또한 조사료 생산기반인 동시에 생산된 분뇨를 환원해야 할 경지면적이 협소한 상황에서 이루어진 젖소의 규모확대는 가축분뇨의 토양에 대한 부하를 높이게 되었고, 하천의 수질을 오염시키는 환경오염의 주범으로 인식되어 왔다. 이와같은 대내외적인 요인으로 인해 낙농가들은 목장의 규모에 관계없이, 분뇨를 적절하게 처리하는 것이 목장관리에 필수적인 사항으로 인식하게 되었다. 가축분뇨는 2, 3차 산업에서 발생하는 폐기물과는 그 성격 자체가 판이하게 달라 제도적 접근 방식도 나라와 환경에 따라 현격하게 다르다. 미국과 EC의 경우는 가축분뇨 자체를 환경보전재(Natural Resource)로 규정하고 적정한 사용방법을 정립하여 계도(Guide) 하므로서 환경을 보전하는 적극적인 환경보전 제도를 채택하고 있으며, 일본의 경우는 방류수의 수질을 규제하는 소극적 환경보전 제도로 출발했으나 1993년부터는 환경보전형 농업(축산)으로 정책방향을 전환하여 실행해 오고 있다. 우리나라도 이미 1981년부터 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지제도(법)가 시행되어 왔으나 법의 시행으로부터 25년이 경과한 현재까지도 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염은 사회로부터 계속 지탄을 받고 있는 상태이다. 가축분뇨의 처리방식은 축종이나 농가 경영여건별로 크게 다르나, 궁극적으로는 경작지에 퇴비․액비 형태로 살포하여 이용하거나 또는 정화하여 방류하는 방법으로 이루어지고 있다. 따라서 젖소분뇨 또는 슬러리 처리에 필요한 시설 또는 활용계획을 세우기 위해서는 젖소로부터 배출되는 분뇨의 특성뿐만 아니라 오염물질 및 비료성분 배출량 추정이 무엇보다 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 젖소분뇨를 효율적이고 적절하게 처리하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고 국가단위 관리방안을 제시하기 위하여 수행하였다.

Association of Candidate Genes with Production Traits in Korean Dairy Proven and Young Bulls

  • Jang, G.W.;Cho, K.H.;Kim, T.H.;Oh, S.J.;Cheong, I.C.;Lee, K.J.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제18권2호
    • /
    • pp.165-169
    • /
    • 2005
  • This study was performed to offer effective basic data for selection and improvement of Korean dairy cattle through identifying distributional properties among candidate genes (bovine butyrophilin, signal transducers and activators of transcription 5a, and prolactin hormone). In this study, polymorphisms of candidate genes were identified and the relationships between loci and production traits of each gene were analyzed using frozen semen of Holstein bulls (19 proven and 77 candidates). In butyrophilin (BTN) locus, polymorphisms information contents (PIC) value of BTN2 (0.372) was higher than those of others (BTN1; 0.155, BTN3; 0.254, BTN4; 0.169). As a result of analysis of genotyping STAT5a, using single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) method and microsatellite locus, PIC values were 0.189 and 0.457, respectively. And PIC value of prolactin hormone gene was 0.176. In the relationships between genotypes and production traits, BTN3 was associated with 305-day production traits (p<0.05). PTAs for B allele were such as 110.43, 88.28 and 75.25 in BTN1, 3, 4 and these values were higher than those of A allele, but in the case of BTN2, A allele with 154.19 was higher than that of B allele. The results obtained from using candidate genes may be used as an useful index for the genetic improvement of dairy cattle population in Korea, and further studies are needed.

Identification of Bovine Pregnancy-Specific Whey Proteins using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

  • Han, Rong-Xun;Choi, Su-Min;Kim, Myung-Youn;Quan, Yan Shi;Kim, Baek-Chul;Diao, Yun Fei;Koqani, Reza;Park, Chang-Sik;Jin, Dong-Il
    • Reproductive and Developmental Biology
    • /
    • 제32권4호
    • /
    • pp.255-261
    • /
    • 2008
  • The early diagnosis of bovine pregnancy is an essential component of successful reproductive planning on farms, because lack of bovine pregnancy over the long term results in reproductive failure and low milk yield-the latter of which is a special concern on dairy farms. This study was designed to identify early pregnancy-specific whey proteins in bovine, by comparing milk samples collected from cattle during pregnancy (Days 30 and 50) and from non-pregnant cattle. In this study, differentially expressed proteins in five pregnant and five non-pregnant Holstein dairy cattle were investigated and compared, using proteomics analysis. The first dimension was applied to a pH $3.0{\sim}10.0$ strip, by loading a 2-mg milk protein sample. After the second-dimension separation was performed, the gels were stained with colloidal Coomassie brilliant blue. The stained gels were scanned and the images were analyzed, to detect variations in protein spots between non-pregnant and pregnant cattle milk protein spots, using ImageMaster, this was followed by analysis with MALDI TOF-MS. Analysis of the 2-DE gel image resulted in a total of approximately $500{\sim}600$ protein spots, of which 12 spots were differentially expressed, six spots were up-regulated, and four spots were down-regulated; two spots were identified as pregnancy-specific proteins. These proteins were identified as lactoferrin, NA-DH dehydrogenase subunit 2, albumin, serum albumin precursor and transferrin. Our results via 2-D PAGE analysis revealed composite profiles of several milk proteins related to early bovine pregnancy, implying the possible use of these milk proteins in the early detection of bovine pregnancy.

Genetic Analysis of Milk Yield in First-Lactation Holstein Friesian in Ethiopia: A Lactation Average vs Random Regression Test-Day Model Analysis

  • Meseret, S.;Tamir, B.;Gebreyohannes, G.;Lidauer, M.;Negussie, E.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제28권9호
    • /
    • pp.1226-1234
    • /
    • 2015
  • The development of effective genetic evaluations and selection of sires requires accurate estimates of genetic parameters for all economically important traits in the breeding goal. The main objective of this study was to assess the relative performance of the traditional lactation average model (LAM) against the random regression test-day model (RRM) in the estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values for Holstein Friesian herds in Ethiopia. The data used consisted of 6,500 test-day (TD) records from 800 first-lactation Holstein Friesian cows that calved between 1997 and 2013. Co-variance components were estimated using the average information restricted maximum likelihood method under single trait animal model. The estimate of heritability for first-lactation milk yield was 0.30 from LAM whilst estimates from the RRM model ranged from 0.17 to 0.29 for the different stages of lactation. Genetic correlations between different TDs in first-lactation Holstein Friesian ranged from 0.37 to 0.99. The observed genetic correlation was less than unity between milk yields at different TDs, which indicated that the assumption of LAM may not be optimal for accurate evaluation of the genetic merit of animals. A close look at estimated breeding values from both models showed that RRM had higher standard deviation compared to LAM indicating that the TD model makes efficient utilization of TD information. Correlations of breeding values between models ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 for different group of sires and cows and marked re-rankings were observed in top sires and cows in moving from the traditional LAM to RRM evaluations.

Effect of Parity on Mineral Concentration in Milk and Plasma of Holstein Cows During Early Lactation

  • Kume, S.;Yamamoto, E.;Kudo, T.;Toharmat, T.;Nonaka, I.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • 제11권2호
    • /
    • pp.133-138
    • /
    • 1998
  • Plasma and milk samples of 24 periparturient Holstein cows were collected from 1 week prepartum to 10 week postpartum to measure the effects of parity on mineral status in periparturient cows. Cows were fed mainly mixed ration with the concentrate supplement during the experimental period to meet nutrient requirement of dairy cattle for TDN, protein, and minerals, Plasma Ca of cows decrease as parity increased, but plasma Mg, K, Fe and Zn were lowest in the first lactation cows. Plasma inorganic P, Na, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by the parity. Plasma Ca, Fe and Zn of cows decreased at parturition, but plasma Mg increase. Plasma Ca of the first, second and third and more lactation cows at parturition were 9.65, 8.96, and 8.92 mg/dl, respectively. Colostral Ca, P, Mg, Na, and Zn were highest in the first lactation cows, although colostrum yield was lower. Milk yield from 1 to 10 weeks postpartum was lowest in the first lactation cows, but mineral concentrations in milk were not affected by the parity.

강원지방유우의 번식장해 발생실태 및 혈액학치에 관한 조사연구 II. 번식장해유우의 혈액학치에 관하여 (Studies on the Occurrence of Reproductive Disorder and Hematological Values of Dairy Cattle being raised in Kangweon District II. Hematology of Infertile Holstein Cows)

  • 고광두;김정익;김현기
    • 한국가축번식학회지
    • /
    • 제12권3호
    • /
    • pp.156-161
    • /
    • 1988
  • Holstein cows being raised in the Kangweon district were examined on the values of hematology in infertile cows. The results obtained were as follows; 1. Erythrocyte count was 6.23$\pm$1.49$\times$106/㎣ 2. Hemoglobin was 10.6$\pm$2.00g/100ml 3. Hematocrit was 29.68$\pm$3.27ml/100ml 4. Mean corpuscular volume was 49.4$\pm$12.1$\mu$3 5. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin was 17.3$\pm$3.73pg 6. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was 35.7$\pm$6.37% 7. Thrombocytes were 324.06$\pm$88.11$\times$103/㎣ 8. Total leukocytes was 8.70$\pm$2.23$\times$103/㎣ 9. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monicytes, eosiniohils and basophis were 34.44$\pm$6.39, 53.82$\pm$5.84, 2.17$\pm$2.18, 9.10$\pm$3.85 and 0.50$\pm$1.80%, respectively.

  • PDF