• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.27.1-27.15
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• 2023

Background: The relationships between the postpartum subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurrence and predicted bacterial functions during the periparturient period are still not clear in Holstein cows. Objectives: The present study was performed to investigate the alterations of rumen fermentation, bacterial community structure, and predicted bacterial functional pathways in Holstein cows. Methods: Holstein cows were divided into the SARA (n = 6) or non-SARA (n = 4) groups, depending on whether they developed SARA during the first 2 weeks after parturition. Reticulo-ruminal pH was measured continuously during the study period. Reticulo-ruminal fluid samples were collected 3 weeks prepartum, and 2 and 6 weeks postpartum, and blood samples were collected 3 weeks before, 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks postpartum. Results: The postpartum decline in 7-day mean reticulo-ruminal pH was more severe and longer-lasting in the SARA group compared with the non-SARA group. Changes in predicted functional pathways were identified in the SARA group. A significant upregulation of pathway "PWY-6383" associated with Mycobacteriaceae species was identified at 3 weeks after parturition in the SARA group. Significantly identified pathways involved in denitrification (DENITRIFICATION-PWY and PWY-7084), detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (PWY1G-0), and starch degradation (PWY-622) in the SARA group were downregulated. Conclusions: The postpartum SARA occurrence is likely related to the predicted functions of rumen bacterial community rather than the alterations of rumen fermentation or fluid bacterial community structure. Therefore, our result suggests the underlying mechanisms, namely functional adaptation of bacterial community, causing postpartum SARA in Holstein cows during the periparturient period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.315-318
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• 2006

Associations were analysed between polymorphisms localized in intron 3 of the growth hormone gene (GH-MspI) and milk production traits of 543 China Holstein cows. A PCR-RFLP method was used for identification of genotypes. The following frequencies of genotypes and alleles were found: 0.77, 0.21 and 0.02 for +/+, +/- and -/-, respectively, and 0.87 and 0.13 for $GH^+$ and $GH^-$, respectively. Significant differences between herds were observed in the frequencies of both genotypes and alleles. The results of least squares analysis showed that in all three lactation phases the GH +/+ cows yielded most milk (p<0.01 for lactation I and p<0.05 for lactations II and III), whereas +/- cows showed higher milk fat content than +/+ individuals (p<0.05 for lactation I and II, and p<0.01 for lactation III). The +/+ cows yielded more fat than +/- individuals (p<0.01 only in lactation I). The +/+ cows yielded more milk protein than +/- individuals (p<0.01 for lactation I, II, and III). The +/+ cows produced milk of higher protein content than that of +/- individuals (p<0.05 only in lactation II). Based on these results, we conclude that the +/+ of GH locus should be the favored genotype in China Holstein cow breeds for use in marker-assisted selection programmes.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2003

Milk samples were collected from a total of 418 quarters of 214 Holstein cows. Of these, samples which were positive on California Mastitis Test (CMT) and above 200,000 cells/ml by somatic cell counts were subjected to bacteriological examination and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Major pathogens responsible for mastitis included coagulase-negative staphylococci (34.3%), coagulase-positive staphylococci (21.5%), gran-negative rod (coliforms and noncoliforms: 12.6%) and Streptococcus spp. (8.4%). These strains were tested with 13 antimicrobial agents by the Kirby and Bauer standardized disc diffusion method. The isolated pathogens were mostly susceptible to amoxicillin and cephalothin, but were resistant to erythromycin.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.161-168
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• 2006

Genetic parameters for linear type and composite traits were estimated by using Bayesian inference via Gibbs sampling with a multiple threshold animal model in Holstein cows. Fifteen linear type traits and 5 composite traits were included to estimate genetic variance and covariance components in the model. In this study, 30,204 records were obtained in the cows from 305 sires. Heritability estimates for linear type traits had the estimates as high as 0.28~0.64. Heritability estimates for composite traits were also high, when the traits were assumed to be categorical traits. Final score was more correlated with the composite traits than with the linear type traits.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.137-144
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• 2017

A diverse of recommendation has been made for the structure and management of dairy cows, despite demanding research, the relationship between lactation number and various factors is yet to be established. The present study was aimed to investigate the covariance among lactation number, growth performance, calving interval, and milk production was considered to increase an efficiency of selection schemes and to manage more efficiently Holstein dairy cows that have been raised on small-scale family farms in Republic of Korea. For that purpose, the data were observed from 850 Holstein dairy cows, which a total of 3929 milking, since April 2016 - January 2017. We measured the body weight, height, age, calving interval, and milk production of the each dairy cow. Also, information about the date of lactation, calving interval, and milk production was recorded using an automatic milking system(AMS) with identification numbers. Milk production was calculated per udder quarter in the AMS. Our study results showed the increased average body weight(p>0.05) in 1, 2, 3, and $4^{th}$ lactating dairy cows and afterwards, we noticed the tendency on the average body weight(p<0.05) per lactation progressed. There was no significant difference noticed on height measurement of dairy cows. From the processing data of 850 Holstein dairy cows, the lactation number 1 and 7 had a greater calving interval with significantly lowered milk production, and the lactation number 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 had significantly lowered the calving interval(p<0.05) with a greater milk production. From our study results, we evidenced that there is a significant relationship between the lactation number, growth performance, calving interval, and milk yield, and the maximum production of milk occurring in the $3^{rd}$ and $4^{th}$ lactation dairy cows. The achieved results from this study can be used by the small-scale farmers to encourage the structure and management of growth performance, calving interval, and milk yield in Holstein dairy cows in Korea.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.195-202
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• 1979

Samples of blood from 264 health adult Holstein cows were examined to determine the variation of blood composition during pregnancy and early lactation. The animals were selected from herds in Jeonnam area. The results were summarized as below: 1. The num

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.133-142
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• 1979

In this survey, the blood values of erythrocytic series, leukocytic count, serum protein and serum minerals, including calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium, in usual conditions of 271 adult Holstein cows raised in. Korea were compared to the standa

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.435-438
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• 1992

Data were collected on productive and reproductive performance of different $F_1$ crossbred cows (Deshi cows joined by A.I. to Sindhi, Sahiwal, Jersey or Holstein-Friesian Bull semen) reared by farmers in and around the Bangladesh Agricultural University campus at Mymensingh. The traits considered were birth weight, age at first heat, age at first calving, gestation length, post-partum heat period, milk yield, lactation length, dry period and calving interval. Data were analyzed statistically using a completely randomized design and Duncan's Multiple Range Test to compare and determine the significance of between individual group means. It was observed that the Holstein $\times$ Deshi had the highest birth weight (21.4 kg) followed by Sahiwal (17.6 kg), Jersey (16.7 kg) and Sindhi (16.1 kg). Shortest age at first heat (854 and 920 days) and age at first calving (1002 and 1201 days) were found for the Jersey $\times$ Deshi and Holstein $\times$ Deshi crosses respectively. The post-partum heat period were significantly different between breeds with Jersey and Holstein sired calves having the shortest intervals. There was no difference in the gestation length of the four crosses. Holstein $\times$ Deshi and Jersey $\times$ Deshi cows gave the highest milk yields due to longer lactation periods and higher daily milk production. Similarly, Holstein $\times$ Deshi and Jersey $\times$ Deshi crosses had significantly shorter dry periods and Jersey $\times$ Deshi had a shorter calving interval. From this study it may be concluded that exotic genotypes such as Holstein-Friesian and Jersey can perform very well under rural conditions in Bangladesh.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.831-836
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• 2006

This study compared the effects of two levels of crude protein (CP) supplementation during a close-up dry period on the productive performance, nitrogen balance, and blood profiles of Holstein cows. Eighteen cows (8 primigravid and 10 multiparous), 21 days prior to calving, were divided into four groups and fed a diet containing a low (11.5 to 12.7% CP) or high (14.1 to 15.3% CP) level of protein. Following parturition, all cows were offered the same diet. Nitrogen balance was measured 12 d to 10 d prior to the expected calving date. Whole feces and urine were collected. The higher close-up CP did not improve milk production during the early lactation period (14 w) in multiparous cows but tended to increase production by 2 kg of milk per day in primigravid cows. There were no differences in the weight of calves, the weight of the placenta, or the incidence of calving difficulty. Nitrogen intake, urine nitrogen and nitrogen retention were increased by the higher CP diet in primigravid and multiparous cows. All groups of cows showed a positive nitrogen balance. In particular, higher nitrogen retention was observed in primigravid cows fed the higher CP diet. With the exception of plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), non of the blood profiles were influenced by the CP level. The higher close-up CP increased the PUN during the period studied in primigravid and multiparous cows. These results indicate that a CP level of 14% during a close-up dry period is optimal for primigravid cows, and 12% CP level is sufficient for multiparous cows.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1986

Breeding and infertility status of Holstein cows reared in pasture of High-land was investigated. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. Eight hundred and forty Holstein cows with heifers (12.4%), 3 years old cows (19.3), 4 years old cows (16.7%), 5 years old cows (12.5%), 6 years old cows (11.4%), 7 years old cows (13.2%), 8 years old cows (9.4%) and above 9 years old cows (5.1%) were investigated. 2. They were 72.4% of conceived cows, 8.2% of uncertain pregnancy, 7.7% of physiological empty and 11.7% of reproductive disorder. 3. The percentage of cow concepted with 1, 2, 3 and more than 4 times of A.I. was 49.2, 28.8, 14.6 and 7.4% respectively. 4. In the nutritional condition of infertile cows, excellent, good, fair and poor was 7.1, 30.6, 36.7 and 25.5%, respectively. 5. Among 98 infertile cows, distribution of reproductive disorder was 41.8, 37.8, 5.1, 5.1 and 11.2% in ovary, uterus, vagina, oviduct and others, respectively. Ovary showed higher percentage than any other reproductive organs. Among the ovarian syndromes, lutein cystic ovary, follicular cystic ovary, and persistent corpus luteum were 31.7, 26.8 and 19.5%, respectively. 6. Four years old cow showed highest distribution (16.4%) among the aged groups in disordered cows. In the syndromes of reproductive disorder, latent endometritis showed higher frequency (14.3%) than any others. 7. Infertile cows with complex syncrome of genital disease was 29.6%.