• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2016

본 실험은 동일 사료원료 조건에서 농후사료와 조사료를 혼합 급여하는 섬유질배합사료(TMR)와 분리급여 방식이 메탄발생량에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 홀스타인 거세 숫소 6두(평균체중 $203{\pm}24.8kg$)를 공시하여 changeover design으로 실험을 수행하였다. TMR구는 육성기용 배합사료, 티모시 건초 그리고 비지를 생중량 기준 각각 40, 48, 12% 비율로 매일 혼합 급여하였고, 분리급여구는 배합사료와 비지만을 급여 전 혼합하여 대사틀에 설치된 사료통에 먼저 넣고 그 위에 티모시를 올려주었다. 사료급여량은 공시축이 전량 섭취할 수 있도록 약 0.2 kg의 일당증체 수준으로 제한 급여하였기 때문에 처리구간 차이가 없었고, 메탄발생량(g/d)에서도 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.1). 그러나 메탄 전변율(Ym, 메탄 에너지/GE intake)은 TMR구가 분리급여구 보다 유의적으로 높았다(p=0.05). 두 처리 평균 메탄 배출계수(kg $CH_4$/head/year)는 21.4였고, 평균 메탄 전변율은 0.05이었으며, 공시축의 대사체중(metabolic BW, $kg^{0.75}$)과 메탄발생량(g/d)과는 높은 상관관계($R^2=0.8057$, p<0.001)를 보였다. 반추가축의 대표적인 사료급여방식 차이가 메탄발생량에 미치는 효과에 대한 결론을 얻기 위해서는 보다 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.260-265
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• 2018

TMR 급여와 분리급여가 반추위 메탄발생량 변화에 미치는 효과를 연구한 사례가 많지 않다. 본 실험은 1일 실험사료를 체중의 1.8%(실험 1) 그리고 2.4%(실험 2) 수준에서 급여하면서 triplicated $2{\times}2$ Latin square design을 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 각 실험에는 6마리의 Holstein steer를 이용하였고 2개의 군으로 나누어 각각 TMR 급여 또는 분리급여를 하였다. 공시 사료의 농후사료와 조사료 비율은 73% 그리고 27%이었다. 두 실험 모두 사료급여 방식 간의 1일 메탄발생량 차이가 없었다. 현재까지 보고된 국내 연구와 본 연구에서 얻어진 개체 별 1일 건물섭취량과 1일 메탄발생량과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 메탄발생량 $(g/d)=11.5({\pm}1.3){\times}$ 건물섭취량(kg/d) + 14.2, $R^2=0.73$, p<0.001의 회귀식을 유도하였다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.273-279
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• 2021

본 실험은 Holstein 비육후기에 홍삼박, 광물질 및 설탕을 첨가 급여하여 건물채식량, 일당증체량, 육질특성 및 경제성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 수행하였다. 시험구는 4처리로서 홍삼박, 광물질 및 흑설탕을 급여하지 않는 처리구를 대조구(C), 홍삼박 200g 첨가 급여 구는 T1, 홍삼박 100g과 광물질 50g 첨가 급여구는 T2 그리고 광물질 50g과 흑설탕 20g 첨가 급여한 구를 T3로 나누어 실시하였다. 그리고 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약해 보면 다음과 같다. 총 사료섭취량 및 1일 채식량은 T2 및 T3구가 C구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 채식량이 많았던 T2 및 T3구에서 총 증체량 및 일당 증체량이 높게 나타났지만 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료 요구율은 C구가 다른 구(T1, T2, T3)에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났지만(p<0.05), T1, T2 및 T3 구간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 등지방두께, 등심단면적 및 육량등급은 처리구 상호간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 근내 지방은 T3(4.5) > T1(4.0) > T2(2.7) > C(2.5)구순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 그러나 육색, 지방색, 조직감 및 성숙도는 상호 처리 간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 육질등급은 상호 처리 간 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았지만 T3 > T1 > T2 > C 순으로 높은 경향을 보였다. 경제적 조수익성은 T3 > T1 > T2 > C구순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 배합사료와 조사료 만 급여하는 체계(C) 보다는 홍삼박, 광물질 및 흑설탕을 첨가 급여(T1, T2, T3)하는 체계가 도체등급 및 수익성 증대에 유리하며, 특히 증체량, 육질등급 및 경제성을 고려하였을 때 T3구가 가장 좋은 급여체계로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.1627-1634
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• 2018

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing wheat bran for cactus cladodes plus urea (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on the intake of nutrients, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, and rumen fermentation for steers. Methods: Five crossbred steers (1/2 Holstein-Zebu), with rumen cannula and an average body weight of $180{\pm}5.3kg$, were assigned to a $5{\times}5$ Latin square design. Dietary treatments consisted of the replacement of the total of wheat bran in basal diet by cactus cladodes using the following proportions: 0% for basal diet, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% cactus cladodes replacing wheat bran. Urea was added to the diets to adjust the crude protein (CP) content to 130 g/kg dry matter. Results: Maximum dry matter intake (5.73 kg/d) and maximum nitrogen balance (103 g/d) were estimated for 54.6% and 70.8% replacement levels of wheat bran. The maximum microbial protein production (44.6 g/d) was obtained at a replacement level of 49.7%, and a medium value (125 g CP mic/kg total digestible nutrients) of microbial protein efficiency was observed. The rumen pH increased linearly according to cactus cladodes inclusion, while the ammonia nitrogen medium value was 24.5 mg/dL. Conclusion: The replacement of 55% wheat bran for cactus cladodes plus urea in the diet of crossbred steers is recommended.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1604-1609
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• 2008

A series of in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the mixture of Tween 80 and cellulolytic enzymes (xylanase and cellulase) on total tract nutrient digestibility and rumen cellulolytic bacterial adhesion rates in Holstein steers. Ground timothy hay sprayed with various levels of Tween 80 and cellulolytic enzymes was used as substrates in an in vitro experiment to find out the best combinations for DM degradation. The application level of 2.5% (v/w) Tween 80 and the combination of 5 U xylanase and 2.5 U cellulase per gram of ground timothy hay (DM basis) resulted in the highest in vitro dry matter degradation rate (p<0.05). Feeding the same timothy hay to Holstein steers also improved in vivo nutrient (DM, CP, CF, NDF and ADF) digesibilities compared to non-treated hay (p<0.05). Moreover, Tween 80 and enzyme combination treatment increased total ruminal VFA and concentrations of propionic acid and isovaleric acid with decreased acetate to propionate ratio (p<0.001). However, adhesion rates of Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus flavefaciens determined by Real Time PCR were not influenced by the treatment while that of Ruminococcus albus was decreased (p<0.05). The present results indicate that a mixture of Tween 80 and cellulolytic enzymes can improve rumen environment and feed digestibility with variable influence on cellulolytic bacterial adhesion on feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1728-1736
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• 2006

The effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) waste silage and supplemental polyethylene glycol (PEG) on rumen fermentation and blood components were studied in cattle. Six Holstein steers were fed three diets in a 3${\times}$3 Latin square design, replicated twice. One diet was a control with no added silage, and the other two diets were supplemented (20% of the dry matter) with green tea waste silage either with (PEG) or without PEG (tea). Most of the fermentation parameters including major volatile fatty acids (VFA) were not affected by the diet treatments. The concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in the PEG group and urea nitrogen in the tea and PEG groups were greater than those in the control before morning feeding. The plasma 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid equivalent concentration was not different before morning feeding, but 3 h after morning feeding, its concentrations in both the tea and PEG groups were higher than in the control. Although the concentration of plasma vitamin A in the animals was not affected by feeding green tea waste silage, the concentrations of plasma vitamin E were significantly higher in the tea and PEG groups than in the control, both before and 3 h after morning feeding. The results from the present study suggest that feeding diets containing 20% of the dietary dry matter as green tea waste silage to Holstein steers has no negative impact on their ruminal fermentation, and increases their plasma antioxidative activity and concentration of vitamin E.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.389-393
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• 2003

Present study investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation, methods (applied to rumen or enzyme treated diet) compared with no enzyme diet, on rumen fermentation and apparent nutrient digestibility in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design with three rumen cannulated Korean Native goats. In situ rumen degradation kinetics was studied in three rumen cannulated Holstein steers. Three diets were, no enzyme, 1% enzyme in rumen and 1% enzyme in diet. The enzyme was sprayed onto forage, and the forage: concentrate ratio was 30:70. Degradation kinetics was studied with three enzyme levels (0, 1 and 2%, w/w) and four pre-treatment times (0, 1, 12 and 24 h). Results suggested that enzyme application method did not affect rumen fermentation, ruminal enzyme activity and total tract apparent digestibility. Nutrient degradation rate and effective degradability of DM, NDF and ADF increased with increasing enzyme level and pre-treatment times. Degradation of nutrients was affected by enzymes levels or pre-treatment times. Therefore, it is probable that the improved degradation may be due to the supplemented exogenous hydrolytic enzymes under a certain condition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1746-1751
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sarsaponin on methane production, ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestion and blood metabolites using three Holstein steers in a 3${\times}$3 Latin Square design. The steers were fed Sudangrass hay plus concentrate mixture at a ratio 1.5:1 twice daily, and sarsaponin (0, 0.5 and 1% of DM), which was given at 09:00 and 17:00 h daily by mixing with concentrate. Rumen samples were collected 0, 2, and 5 h after morning dosing. Ruminal pH was numerically decreased and numbers of protozoa were decreased linearly (p<0.01) by treatment. Ruminal ammonia-N was reduced (linear; p<0.05) and total VFA was increased (quadratic; p<0.05) at 2 and 5 h after sarsaponin dosing. The molar proportion of acetate was decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) and propionate was increased (linear; p<0.01) at all sampling times. Blood plasma glucose was increased and urea-N was decreased (linear; p<0.05) at 2 and 5 h after dosing. Methane was decreased by approximately 12.7% (linear; p<0.05). The apparent digestibility of DM and NDF were decreased (quadratic; p<0.05) and that of CP remained unchanged due to the sarsaponin. The numbers of cellulolytic bacteria were decreased (quadratic; p<0.05), while numbers of total viable bacteria remained unchanged due to the sarsaponin. These results show that sarsaponin can partially inhibit rumen methanogenesis in vivo and improve ruminal fermentation, which supports our previous in vitro results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1286-1295
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• 2008

Leptin is produced by adipocytes and its role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, feed intake, productive and reproductive performance of domestic animal species has been greatly stressed and extensively investigated in recent years. This study was conducted to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the estimation of plasma bovine leptin and to determine plasma leptin concentration in fattening Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) and its crossbreds at commercial farms. Relationships of plasma leptin with plasma vitamin A and age of crossbred cattle were also determined. Recombinant bovine leptin (rbleptin) was produced by the E. coli overexpressed leptin as a GST (glutathione S-transferase)-fusion protein. Then antiserum against bovine leptin was obtained by its immunization in rabbits. Using this antiserum, a bovine specific RIA was developed and plasma leptin level was determined in 120 crossbred fattening cattle (WagyuHolstein, 50:50) at commercial farms. The plasma leptin level increased with the age of cattle and its level was greater in the crossbred heifers than in the steers. Plasma vitamin A level was negatively correlated with plasma leptin level in crossbred heifers and steers. This relationship was stronger in heifers than in steers. Plasma leptin was gradually increased with advancing age in fattening Wagyu cattle. In conclusion, development of a bovine specific RIA to estimate plasma leptin will contribute to better understanding of the role of leptin in cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권10호
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• pp.1396-1404
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• 2017

Objective: This study was determined the influence of virginiamycin supplementation on growth-performance and characteristics of digestion of cattle with decreasing dietary net energy value of the diet for maintenance ($NE_m$) from 2.22 to 2.10 Mcal/kg. Methods: Eighty crossbred beef steers ($298.2{\pm}6.3kg$) were used in a 152-d performance evaluation consisting of a 28-d adaptation period followed by a 124-d growing-finishing period. During the 124-d period steers were fed either a lesser energy dense (LED, $2.10Mcal/kg\;NE_m$) or higher energy dense (HED, $2.22Mcal/kg\;NE_m$) diet. Diets were fed with or without 28 mg/kg (dry matter [DM] basis) virginiamycin in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Four Holstein steers ($170.4{\pm}5.6kg$) with cannulas in the rumen (3.8 cm internal diameter) and proximal duodenum were used in $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment to study treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Results: Neither diet energy density nor virginiamycin affected average daily gain (p>0.10). As expected, dry matter intake and gain efficiency were greater (p<0.01) for LED- than for HED-fed steers. Virginiamycin did not affect estimated net energy value of the LED diet. Virginiamycin increased estimated NE of the HED diet. During daylight hours when the temperature humidity index averaged $81.3{\pm}2.7$, virginiamycin decreased (p<0.05) ruminal temperature. Virginiamycin did not influence (p>0.10) ruminal or total tract digestion. Ruminal (p = 0.02) and total tract digestion (p<0.01) of organic matter, and digestible energy (p<0.01) were greater for HED vs LED. Ruminal microbial efficiency was lower (p<0.01) for HED vs LED diets. Conclusion: The positive effect of virginiamycin on growth performance of cattle is due to increased efficiency of energy utilization, as effects of virginiamycin on characteristics of digestion were not appreciable. Under conditions of high ambient temperature virginiamycin may reduce body temperature.