• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.60.1-60.6
• /
• 2022

Background: A definite diagnosis should be made in the bovine practice field, however, it was difficult to perform laboratory analysis immediately. Currently, three types of portable blood gas analyzers are available in Korea. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the correlations among these three analyzers. Methods: Seventy-two plasma samples from Holstein-Friesian cows were used for blood gas analysis, and three instruments (EDAN i15 Vet, VETSCAN i-STAT, and EPOC) were operated simultaneously. Moreover, plasma calcium levels were compared between these portable analyzers and blood chemistry device, which is usually used in a laboratory environment. Pearson analysis was performed to confirm the correlation of each parameter produced with the three instruments and blood chemistry analyzer. Results: As results, high correlation was observed in parameters of pH, pO₂, potassium ion, ionized calcium, and glucose (p < 0.001, r > 0.7). In addition, pCO₂ showed a moderate correlation among the three analyzers (p < 0.001, r > 0.5), and there was no correlation among all instruments for sodium ions. There was also a high correlation between ionized calcium from the three portable devices and total calcium from the biochemistry analyzer (p < 0.001, r > 0.9). Conclusions: In conclusion, there was a high correlation between results from the three different blood gas analyzers used in the bovine clinical field in Korea. Thus, a consistent diagnosis can be made even with different equipment if the operator is aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each piece of equipment and operates it properly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 2002

Production of u 1-antitrypsin ($\alpha$AT) in transgenic cows has a great value in the field of medicine. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of chemically defined KSOM media on in vitro development of bovine transgenic nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. An expression plasmid for human $\alpha$AT was constructed by inserting a bovine beta-casein promoter, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene, and a human $\alpha$AT target gene into a pcDNA3 plasmid. Cumulus cells as donor nuclei in NT were collected from a Holstein cow and transfected by lipid-mediated method using FuGene6 (Roche Molecular Biochemicals, USA) as reagent. GFP expressed cumulus cells were introduced into recipient oocytes under DIC microscopy equipped with FITC filter set. After electrical fusion and chemical activation, reconstructed embryos were cultured in 1) SOF + 0.8% BSA, 2) KSOM + 0.8% BSA, 3) KSOM + 10% FBS and 4) KSOM +0.01% PVA for 192 h at 39$^{\circ}C$ with 5% $CO_2$, 5% $O_2$ and 90% $N_2$in humidified condition. The development of the embryos was recorded and the GFP expression in blastocyst was determined under FITC filter. The average fusion rate was 73.8% (251/340; n=8). The development rates to 2-4 cells, morula, blastocysts and expression rates in blastocysts varied from 70.3 to 76.5%, 30.2 to 33.8%, 25.4 to 33.8% and 11.8 to 15.6%, respectively. The difference in development and expression rates of embryos among 4 culture groups was not significant (P>0.05). This study indicates that chemically defined KSOM medium is also able to support development of bovine transgenic NT embryos at similar rate of SOF or KSOM supplemented with BSA or serum.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.44 no.1
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2002

In order to investigate the effects of heat treatment of three animal by-products(feather meal, tallow meal, viscera meal) on in situ ruminal degradation characteristics and gastrointestinal availability of dietary crude protein(CP), three ruminally and duodenally cannulated dry Holstein cows were employed. Cows were fed a diet containing 60% concentrate and 40% orchard grass hay, and had free access to water and mineral block. Experimental feeds were processed for 4 hr at 149$^{\circ}C$ in a forced-air oven, and were passed through a 1-mm screen. Degradation kinetics of feed protein in the rumen were fitted to an exponential type model, and intestinal availability was estimated by the mobile nylon bag technique. Effective CP degradabilities in the rumen for feather meal, tallow meal and viscera meal were 30.2%, 75.0% and 56.4% at 5% passage rate per hour(k=0.05), respectively. In addition, heat treatment increased effective ruminal CP degradability on feather meal and viscera meal treatments, whereas decreased in tallow meal treatment(P$<$0.05). Gastrointestinal CP disappearances of feather meal, tallow meal and viscera meal were 56.2%, 18.6%, and 37.9%, respectively. In addition, heat treatment decreased the gastrointestinal CP disappearance on feather meal and viscera meal treatment, but increased in tallow meal treatment(P$<$0.05). Intestinal availability of rumen undegradable protein(A-UDP) was 80.4% for feather meal, 83.8% for tallow meal and 86.9% for viscera meal. In addition, heat treatment increased A-UDP on feather meal and tallow meal treatment, 94.0% and 91.3%, respectively, but decreased on viscera meal treatment, 76.5%(P$<$0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.334-342
• /
• 2015

The present study was designed to evaluate how environmental factors in a dry-summer subtropical climate in Terceira-Azores (situated in the North Atlantic Ocean: $38^{\circ}43^{\prime}N27^{\circ}12^{\prime}W$) can affect dairy cow (Holstein) fertility, as well as seasonal influence on in vitro oocytes maturation and embryos development. Impact of heat shock (HS) effects on in vitro oocyte's maturation and further embryo development after in vitro fertilization (IVF) was also evaluated. For such purpose the result of the first artificial insemination (AI) performed 60 to 90 days after calving of 6,300 cows were recorded for one year. In parallel, climatic data was obtained at different elevation points (n = 5) from 0 to 1,000 m and grazing points from 0 to 500 m, in Terceira island, and the temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. For in vitro experiments, oocytes (n = 706) were collected weekly during all year, for meiotic maturation and IVF. Further, to evaluate HS effect, 891 oocytes were collected in the cold moths (December, January, February and March) and divided in three groups treated to HS for 24 h during in vitro maturation at: C (Control = $38.5^{\circ}C$), HS1 ($39.5^{\circ}C$) and HS2 ($40.5^{\circ}C$). Oocytes from each group were used for meiotic assessment and IVF. Cleavage, morula and blastocyst development were evaluated respectively on day 2, 6, and 9 after IVF. A negative correlation between cow's conception rate (CR) and THI in grazing points (-91.3%; p<0.001) was observed. Mean THI in warmer months (June, July, August and September) was $71.7{\pm}0.7$ and the CR ($40.2{\pm}1.5%$) while in cold months THI was $62.8{\pm}0.2$ and CR was $63.8{\pm}0.4%$. A similar impact was obtained with in vitro results in which nuclear maturation rate (NMR) ranged from 78.4% (${\pm}8.0$) to 44.3% (${\pm}8.1$), while embryos development ranged from 53.8% (${\pm}5.8$) to 36.3% (${\pm}3.3$) in cold and warmer months respectively. In vitro HS results showed a significant decline (p<0.05) on NMR of oocytes for every $1^{\circ}C$ rising temperature ($78.4{\pm}8.0$, $21.7{\pm}3.1$ and $8.9{\pm}2.2$, respectively for C, HS1, and HS2). Similar results were observed in cleavage rate and embryo development, showing a clear correlation (96.9 p<0.05) between NMR and embryo development with respect to temperatures. Results clearly demonstrated that, up to a THI of 70.6, a decrease in the CR occurs in first AI after calving; this impairment was confirmed with in vitro results.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.147-160
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate roughage to concentrate ratio on the changes of productivity and metabolic profiling in milk. Six lactating Holstein cows were divided into two groups, T1 group was fed low-concentrate diet (Italian ryegrass to concentrate ratio = 8:2) and T2 group was fed high-concentrate diet (Italian ryegrass to concentrate ratio = 2:8). Milk samples were collected and its components and metabolites were analyzed by ¹H-NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance). The result of milk components such as milk fat, milk protein, solids-not-fat, lactose and somatic cell count were not significantly different between two groups. In carbohydrate metabolites, trehalose and xylose were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group, however lactose was not significantly different between two groups. In amino acid metabolites, glycine was the highest concentration however, there was no significant difference observed between two groups. Urea and methionine were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the T2 group. In lipid metabolites, carnitine, choline and O-acetylcarnitine there were no significant difference observed between the two groups. In benzoic acid metabolites, tartrate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. In organic acid metabolites, acetate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group and fumarate was significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group. In the other metabolites, 3-methylxanthine was only significantly higher (P<0.05) in T2 group and riboflavin was only significantly higher (P<0.05) in T1 group. As a result, milk components were not significantly different between two groups. However, metabolites concentration in the milk was significantly different depends on roughage to concentrate ratio.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 1994

This study was conducted to estimate the genetic and environmental effects on lactation yield and milk compositions in Holstein cows. The data analysis were the records of 159 cows rearing at Nation Animal Breeding Institute from 1990 to 1991. The least square means were estimated on milk and fat yield in lactation yield, and the percent of fat, protein, solids-not-fat and total solid in milk composition. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The average yield of milk and fat in 305 days were $7,26.56{\pm}3,57.24$ and $254.65{\pm}44.94Kg$ and the percent of fat, protein, solids-not-fat and total solid were $3.69{\pm}0.43$, $3.32{\pm}0.41$, $9.15{\pm}0.49$ and $12.75{\pm}0.96$ and the coefficients of variation were 18.68, 17.64, 11.88 and 12.34% for milk yield, fat yield, fat percent and protein percent, respectively. 2. The effect of sires was highly significant at 1% level in milk and fat yield and fat percent, and significant at 5% level in protein and total solid percent. Among the sires, B, L and O sire were superior in milk yield with 7,571.22, 7,499.11 and 7,420.58 Kg, and A, F and K sire were superior in protein percent with 3.75, 3.64 and 3.65, respectively. 3. The effect of parity was highly significant at 1% level in milk yield, and significant at 5% level in fat yield. Among the parities, the 3rd parity was superior in milk and fat yield with 7,634.54 and 274.98 Kg, and the 4th and over was superior in fat and protein percent with 3.90 and 3.50, respectively. 4. The effect of calving seasons was highly significant at 1% level in milk yield, and significant at 5% level in fat yield, and the percent of fat, protein and total solid. Among the calving seasons, spring and winter were superior in milk yield with 7,310.31 and 7,364.57 Kg, also spring and winter were superior in protein percent with 3.68 and 3.52, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.56-67
• /
• 1993

To applying of genetic markers of milk proteins as dairy cow registration and selection aids for genetic improvement, genopypes controlling the 4 milk protein loci, ${\alpha}S1$-casein (${\alpha}S1$-CN), ${\beta}$-casein(${\beta}$-CN), ${\kappa}$-casein(${\kappa}$-CN), and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin(${\beta}$-LG), from a total of 159 Holstein lactating cows reared at National Animal Breeding Station in 1992 were detected by polyacrylamide gel(PAGE) electrophoresis, and associations between genetic polymorphisms of milk proteins and milk compositions were analyzed. The observed distribution of phenotypes for ${\alpha}S1$-CN, ${\beta}$-CN, ${\kappa}$-CN and ${\beta}$-LG were agreement with those expected under the assumption of genetic equilibrium. The observed genotypic frequencies of the ${\alpha}S1$-CN BB, ${\beta}$-CN AA, ${\kappa}$-CN AA and ${\beta}$-LG AB genotypes were founded to be very high as 79.87%, 84.28%, 71.70% and 49.10%, respectively. Gene frequencies were 0.899 and 0.101 for ${\alpha}S1-CN^B$ and ${\alpha}S1-CN^C$, 0.921 and 0.079 for ${\beta}-CN^A$ and ${\beta}-CN^B$, 0.837 and 0.163 for ${\kappa}-CN^A$ and ${\kappa}-CN^B$, 0.378 and 0.622 for ${\beta}-LG^A$ and ${\beta}-CN^B$. According to the results of analysis of variance, the genotypes of the ${\alpha}S1-CN$, ${\beta}-CN$, ${\kappa}-CN$ and ${\beta}-LG$ were significantly difference for fat, protein and total solid percentage in milk compositions. On milk compositions, the ${\kappa}$-CN BB genotype was very high fat and protein percentage more than ${\kappa}$-CN AA and AB genotypes, and ${\beta}$-LG AA genotype was very high fat percentage more than ${\beta}$-LG AB and BB genotype at 5% level of significant difference, respectively. As a consequence, the fat and protein percentage may be improved to select to ${\kappa}$-CN BB and ${\beta}$-LG AA genotypes.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 2006

Milk yield and its quality traits determine the dairy enterprise profitability and sustainability. Milk quality traits including somatic cell counts (SCC) is an upcoming economic challenge for dairy farming community in Korea. This study estimated the effect of parity, stage of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) on SCC, stress (blood cortisol) and immunity (blood IgG, lymphocyte and neutrophil) traits, their heritabilities and genetic correlations between them. SCS and blood neutrophil count were significantly affected by both parity and stage of lactation, however; IgG was affected by only stage of lactation, and blood cortisol and lymphocyte were not affected by both factors. The SCS has shown increasing trend with the parity, however; the difference between first and second parity, second and third parity were not significant. The SCS in early (≤90 days) and late lactation (181≤days) were higher than that of mid lactation (91～180 days). Cortisol concentration in blood was lowest in fourth parity, however; the differences among the first three parties were not significant. The IgG was higher in fourth parity compare with first parity however; all other comparisons were noted non-significant. The IgG concentration was significantly higher in early lactation than those of mid and late lactation. The blood lymphocytes were decreased with increasing parity however the differences beyond second parity were not significant. The neutrophils were increased with the increasing lactation stage however; the difference between early and mid lactation was not significant. Although heritability of SCS was still lower, but it was meaningful value (0.09) and may be considered to improve milk quality. The genetic correlations between SCS and cortisol (-0.96), and lymphocyte (-0.76) were highly negative. Heritability of cortisol was low, however genetic correlations between cortisol and lymphocyte (0.79) was highly positive. IgG with medium heritability was correlated negatively with lymphocyte (-0.88) and neutrophil (-0.98). Lymphocyte was lowly heritable and highly correlated with neutrophil concentration (0.87).This study suggested that cortisol, IgG, lymphocyte and neutrophil being positively genetically correlation with somatic cell score could be used as alternative traits to enhance milk quality in Holstein cattle. Further studies are warranted to estimate genetic relationships between immunological and production traits to increase the genetic merit of Holstein cows for milk yield, to improve animal health and economic viability under intensive management system.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.147-156
• /
• 1997

Ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration was performed in Holstein heifers once weekly with or without pretreatment of single or multiple decreasing doses using a total of 400 mg FSH. Oocytes were aspirated with a 6.5 MHz convex-array ultrasound trasducer designed for intravaginal use. All the visible follicles larger than 4 mm in diameter were punctured with a 17 gauge, 55 cm needle at each aspiration session and the follicular fluids containing oocytes were obtained by vacuum suction. The results obtained were as follows: As a preliminary experiment, the recovery rates of folicular oocytes by ultrasound-guided aspiration from the isolated ovaries of Korean native cows were compared between suction methods using manual syringe or vacuum pump. The recovery rate of oocytes using vacuum pump (80.7%) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that using manual syringe (47.1%). The follicles were counted by their size in diameter with ultrasound image, and recovery rates and grades of follicular oocytes collected by ultrasound-guided aspiration were investigated in Holstein heifers pretreated with or without FSH. A group of heifiers were injected with multiple decreasing doses (twice a day for 3 days) of a total of 400 mg FSH. The other 2 groups were injected with a single dose of 400 mg FSH mixed with 25% PVP. Ultrasound observation of follicle population and/or ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte aspiration were performed 12 hrs following the last FSH injection in the multiple dose group, and 48 or 60 hrs after FSH injection in the single dose groups. Most of the visible follicles had small size of less than 3 mm in diameter in unstimulated heifers (71.0%), but medium size in all the heifers treated with FSH. (70.5 to 92.8%). The number of OPU follicles per session (4.6$\pm$1.9) were much less, compared to the vilsible follicle counts (9.7$\pm$2.2), in the nustimulated heifers due to the small dominant follicles. Among 4 goups of heifers the most visible as well as OPU follicles were observed in the heifers at 60 hrs following treatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH (21.2$\pm$2.3 and 21.0$\pm$2.0), and the differences in both the follicle counts between the groups was found significant (P<0.05) The rates of oocyte recovery from the follicles by ultrasound-guilded aspiration were varied 46.3 to 75.0% in the heifers unstimulated and treated with a single dose of 400 mg FSH, but the group difference was not significant. The number of recovered oocytes per session a, pp.ared to be highest at aspiration at 60 hrs following single FSH (10.6$\pm$2.2) than at aspiration at 48 hrs after single FSH (7.8$\pm$2.7) or in the unstimulated heifers (3.4$\pm$3.0). The proportion of grade I and II oocytes to all oocytes collected was varied 31.8 to 64.0% between the groups. However, there was found no significant difference in both the number of oocytes recovered per session and the percentage and the percentage of grade I and II oocytes. From the above results it was concluded that the more oocytes of superior quality might be recovered economically by ultrasound-guided aspiration at 60 hrs following the pretreatment of a single dose of 400 mg FSH and by suction using a vacuum pump system of about negative pressure of 75 to 85 mmHg.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.5
• /
• pp.345-352
• /
• 2009

This study utilized 332,625 records of linear type scores consisting for 15 primary traits, 22,175 final score and 84,612 pedigree information of 22,175 Holstein cows from 1993 to 2007 in Korea to estimate genetic parameters for 16 type traits. Genetic and error (co)variances between two traits selected from 16 traits were estimated using bi-trait pairwise analyses with DFREML package. The estimated heritabilities for stature (ST), strength (STR), body depth (BD), dairy form (DF), rump angle (RA), thurl width (TW), rear legs side view (RLSV), foot angle (FA), fore udder attachment (FUA), rear udder height (RUH), rear udder width (RUW), udder cleft (UC), udder depth (UD), front teat placement (FTP), front teat length (FTL) and final score (FS) were 0.31, 0.21, 0.25, 0.10, 0.29, 0.19, 0.09, 0.06, 0.12, 0.13, 0.12, 0.08, 0.26, 0.20, 0.28 and 0.15, respectively. ST had the highest positive genetic correlation with BD (0.90), while RLSV had the highest negative genetic correlation with FA (-0.56). RA had negative genetic correlation with most udder traits (-0.17~-0.02). Especially, RUW had the higher positive genetic correlation with STR (0.60), BD (0.62), and TW (0.49), however, UD had the higher negative genetic correlation with STR (-0.40) and BD (-0.40). FTL had negative genetic correlation with FUA, RUH, RUW, UC and UD. FS had positive genetic correlation with UC, UD and FTP (0.12, 0.18 and 0.20). However, additional research is needed on the use of these parameters in the genetic evaluation because estimated genetic and error variance-covariance matrices were not positive definite.