• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1188-1195
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• 2001

A tetraparental chimeric bull was successfully produced by aggregating bovine IVF embryos of F1 (female Holstein${\times}$male Japanese Black) and F1(female Japanese Brown${\times}$male Limousin) and culturing in vitro without the zona pellucida at Yamaguchi Research Station in Japan. In the microsatellite genotyping, 12% (28/228) microsatellite primer sets ware potentially useful for this parentage analysis in the chimeric bull, 78.6% (22/28) of microsatellite present in the chimeric bull were uniquely contributed from the Japanese Black and 21.4% (6/28) from Limousin. This chimeric bull semen was used in producing IVF embryos. The chromosome preparations were made from peripheral lymphocytes. Based on chromosome analysis the Chimera had apparently normal chromosomes (29 acrocentric pairs, one large sub metacentric X chromosome and one small sub metacentric Y chromosome). The proportion of acrosome reacted spermatozoa after 1 h of incubation was higher (p<0.01) with the Chimera than with the Holstein and in Japanese Brown bulls. But did not differ from Japanese Black and Limousin bull sperm. Fertilization rates observed after 5 h of sperm-oocyte incubation with Chimera sperm were higher (p<0.05) than with Japanese Brown and (p<0.01) than with Holstein sperm, but did not differ from Japanese Black and Limousin sperm. The cleavage rates of IVF oocytes inseminated with Chimera sperm were also higher (p<0.001) compared with Holstein, (p<0.01) Japanese Brown and (p<0.05) Limousin, but did not differ from Japanese Black sperm. The blastocyst rates of IVM oocytes inseminated with sperm were higher (p<0.05) than in Limousin, Japanese Brown and Holstein, but did not differ from Japanese Black. Chimeric cattles were produced by aggregation of parthenogenetic (Japanese Brown) and in vitro fertilized (Holstein) bovine embryos at the Yamaguchi Research Station in Japan and by aggregation of parthenogenetic (Red Angus) and in vitro fertilized (Holstein) embryos at the St. Gabriel Research Station in Louisiana. The aggregation rate of the reconstructed demi-embryos cultured in vitro without agar embedding was significantly lower than with agar embedding. The aggregation was also lower when the aggregation resulted from a whole parthenogenetic and IVF-derieved embryos cultured without agar than when cultured with agar. The development rate to blastocysts, however, was not different among the treatment. To verify parthenogenetic and the cells derieved from the male IVF embryos in blastocyst formation, 51 embryos were karyotyped, resulting in 27 embryos having both XX and XY chromosome plates in the same sample, 14 embryos with XY and 10 embryos with XX. The viability and the percentage of zonafree chimeric embryos at 24 h following cryopreservation in EG plus T with 10% PVP were significantly greater than those cryopreserved without PVP. Pregnancies were diagnosed in both stations after the transfer of chimeric blastocysts. Twin male and single chimeric calves were delivered at the Yamaguchi station, with each having both XX and XY chromosomes detected. Three pregnancies resulted from the transfer of 40 chimeric embryos at the Louisiana station. Two pregnancies were Jost prior to 4 months and one phenotypically chimeric viable male born.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.611-617
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• 2009

This study was aimed at a genetic evaluation of Iranian Holstein cattle for milk and fat yields and calculating daughter yield deviation (DYD) of bulls. The data file that was used in this research included 367,943 first three lactation records of 186,064 Holstein cows which calved between 1983 and 2006 in 11,806 herd-year-season groups. The model included herd-year-season of calving and age at calving as fixed effects and animal and permanent environment as random effects. Mean breeding values of cows for each year were regressed on birth year to estimate genetic trends. Genetic trends in milk and fat yields were greater for cows born after 1997 (59.38 kg/yr and 1.11 kg/yr for milk yield and fat yield, respectively). Animal evaluations were partitioned into contribution from parent average, yield deviation (YD) and progeny. DYD of bulls was calculated as described by VanRaden and Wiggans (1991). DYD provides an indication of the performance of the daughters of a bull without consideration of his parents or sons. Variance of bull DYD was greater than variance of their predicted transmitting ability (PTA). Correlation of bull DYD and PTA was dependent on the number of daughters and when this increased, the correlation of DYD and PTA was increased. Also as lactation number of daughters increased, the correlation of bull DYD and PTA was increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.415-418
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• 1995

Semen characteristics were examined to find the deterioration of the percentage of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome during hot season using 5 Holstein bulls located in Shirnizu-cho Hokkaido Japan. Spermatozoal viability and acrosomal status were observed simultaneously with triple-stain technique for each spermatozoon. Spermatozoa were divided in four categories (live spermatozoa with intact acrosome, live spermatozoa without intact acrosome, dead spermatozoa with intact acrosome and dead spermatozoa without intact acrosome). Bull and collection month had significant effects on semen characteristics (p < 0.01). The percentage of live spermatozoa with intact acrosome and the percentage of live spermatozoa had the lowest least squares mean by collection month in August (72.7% and 76.7%). These two characteristics indicated the obvious deterioration during hot season. But the fluctuation of these two characteristics were not parallel and the differences between the two characteristics were largest during July to September. The present results indicate the necessity for the simultaneous determination of viability and acrosomal status of each Holstein bull's spermatozoa in order to keep fertility above an acceptable minimum level during hot season.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 1998

A fourteen-month-old Holstein bull from a private cattle fattening farm at Ansung county in Kyunggi Province Korea was submitted on August 2nd 1997, for examination at the Pathology Division of the National Veterinary Research Institute. The bull died within 24 hours after developing clinical signs of abrupt inertia, complete anorexia high fever(40.3℃) diffuse severe emphysematous swelling of upper part of the right hind leg lateral recumbancy and paralysis. At necropsy diffuse severe subcutaneous redness and influx of serosanguinous exudate containing gas bubbles had accumulated under the thorax right hip and upper region of right hind leg. Muscles in upper right hind leg were blackish to dark red and yellowish brown in color. Muscle bundles were dry and separated by gas bubbles and serosanguinous fluids and muscles sections from affected regions floated in water. Histopathologically muscle fibers were partially or entirely degenerated fragmented and separated by exudate and gaseous substance mixed with polymorphonuclear cells. Blood vascular walls in affected regions showed severe acute fibrinoid necrosis. Typical large rod-shaped bacteria with or without oval central to subterminal spores were frequently observed in tissue sections stained with H-E and Gram stain. The large Gram-positive anaerobic endospore-producing rods were isolated from the suspension of muscle lesions. Isolated bacteria were identified as Clostridium(CL) chauvoei and CL. sordellii by biochemical tests. This case was diagnosed as blackleg based on the typical clinical signs gross finding histopathological observation and bacteriological results. This is the first case report on blackleg associated with Cl. chauvoei and Cl. sordellii in Holstein cattle in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.399-406
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• 1997

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of zeranol injection on dry matter(DM) and nutrient intake requirement by growth stage of early castrated bull with 3 treatments(bul1, steer, steer+zeranol) with 28 Holstein bull at National Livestock Research Institute. The main results were as follows: DM intake at growing and fatting stage was the highest in steer groups, that the highest in bull groups at finishing stage and overall mean DM intake was 5% lower at steer+zeranol groups compared to bull and steer, respectively. Net energy intake at finishing stage was the highest as 35.49 Mcal at bull groups, while overall mean net energy intake was 101 - 109% of NRC requirement without significant difference. Concentrate intake to body weight was 1.68- 1.82, 1.91 -2.08 and 1.81 -2.05% at growing, fatting and finishing stage, respectively. Overall mean concentrate intake to body weight at steer groups was 1.94%, which is 1.8 and 1.81% higher compared to bull and steer+zeranol groups, respectively. Feed conversion ratio(DM) during overall period was the worst at steer groups as 9.321g, and also net energy conversion ratio was similar to DM conversion ratio.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 1998

This research was canied out to investigate the effect of castration and injection time of sustained release recombinant bovine somatotropin(SR-rbST) on dry matter intake(DM1) and nutrient intake of surgically castrated 32 Holstein young bulls by growth stage. The main results were as follows: 1. DM intakes were not different between in bull and steer groups, but those in rbSTl and rbST2 were 7.88 and 7.65kg respectively, which were lower 6-9% compared to bull and steer groups. 2. Actual DM intake to DM requirement of Beef cattle(NRC) was 88.5~97.7%, while net energy intake was sufficient for NE requirement in all groups during all growth stage except rbST group during fmishing stage. 3. Overall mean concentrate intake to body weight in steer group was the highest as 1.94%, and then those in rbST groups were 1.87~1.89% which were higher 0.07~0.09% unit than in bull group. 4. Feed conversion ratios(DM) in bull, rbSTl and rbST2 groups were 8.29, 8.18 and 7.60kg respectively, which were improved 12.4, 13.9 and 22.6%, respectively, compared to steer group.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 1986

This experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of HIS treatment on the motility and acrosome reaction of frozen bovine spermatozoa and to test their abilities to interact with zona-free hamster eggs in vitro. Also, in vitro results were compared with those of bull's fertility in AI. The frozen semen from four Holstein bulls were exposed to HIS-DM for 5 minutes after thawing and then preincubated for 60 minutes in DM prior to insemination. The hamster eggs were mounted, fixed and stained 6 hours after exposure to boving spermatozoa and examined under a phase-contrast microscope. 1. The sperm motility expressed as a mobility index dro, pp.d significantly from 60-75 to 12-24 after exposure to HIS-DM, but increased in 32 to 41 at insemination. Bull C showed a low motility index than those of the orher bulls. The percentage of acrosome reaction by staining procedure were increased by HIS-DM treatment but did not change during 7 hours incubation period in DM. 2. The overall percentage of hamster eggs interacting with bull spermatozoa was 56.3%, 58.3%, 66.6% and 70.0%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference among bulls in the penetration rate of spermatozoa into hamster eggs, high proportions of eggs interacted with spermatozoa from Bull C and D than those from Bull A and B. 3. The conception rates (60-90 day RP) resulting from AI were 62.5%, 67.5% and 70.9% for Bull A, B and C, respectively. These results were in good agreement with the invitro results that the proportions of bull sperm-egg interction were greater for Bull C than for Bull A and B.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1879-1885
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• 2021

Objective: Owing to the lack of a breeding index for efficient and quick fertility evaluations of Holstein bulls when using traditional or genome-wide detection methods, this study aimed to determine whether in vitro fertilization (IVF) could be used as an indicator of conception rate of artificial insemination (AI). Methods: Conventional and sexed frozen semen from nine bulls were used for IVF and AI. Results: The IVF and AI conception rates of each bull were confirmed to be positively correlated between the conventional frozen and sexed frozen semen. The correlation coefficient R values of nine bulls between IVF and AI methods were 0.73 and 0.97 for the conventional frozen and sexed frozen semen, respectively. The average conception rate of three bulls undergoing AI was 69.5% and 64.2%, 61.8% and 58.8%, and 48.2% and 46.2% in first-, second-, and third-born cows when conventional frozen and sexed frozen semen were used, respectively, which showed a positive correlation with the fertilization rate in the same parity. We propose an evaluation standard to assess the fertilization ability of bulls based on their IVF test results, which is categorized into three grades: grade one, normal fertility bull with an AI conception rate of 40%±5% and IVF rate of 45% to 60%; grade two, higher fertility bull with an AI conception rate of 50%±5% and IVF rate of 61% to 80%; and grade three, highest fertility bull with an AI conception rate of 60%±5% and IVF rate of >80%. Conclusion: These findings reveal that IVF results can be used as a breeding index for bulls to evaluate their AI conception ability, which may shorten the time required to select bulls for breeding.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2012

A study was conducted on four crossbred bulls, used as artificial insemination (AI) sires, to correlate their semen quality with their non return rate (NRR). Semen was collected once a week via an artificial vagina, diluted in egg yolk-citrate and maintained at $+7^{\circ}C$ for three days. It was evaluated for sperm motility, viability, morphology immediately after collection and was examined daily for sperm motility, viability and morphology of acrosome, mid piece and tail for a total of three days. A total of 2016 cows were inseminated by two AI technicians. The proportions of sperm with normal heads were 83.4% (63.7~91.7%), the proportion of spermatozoa exhibiting normal morphology (acrosome, mid piece and tail), motility and viability were 89.2% (82.3~92.0%), 71.3% (61.7~75.0%) and 76.7% (65.7~85.0%), respectively in fresh ejaculates. Sperm motility and sperm viability was significantly ($p$ <0.05) lower in Holstein-Friesian ${\times}$ Local bull than in other bulls during all three days of storage. The overall NRR for four bulls was 82.7% (72.9-87.5%). Bulls with higher sperm motility, viability and normal morphology of spermatozoa of individual bull had significantly (each $p$ <0.05) higher NRR. The highest ($p$ <0.01) NRR (87.5%) was observed in a Red Chittagong bull whose semen qualities were significantly ($p$ <0.05) higher than Holstein-Friesian ${\times}$ Local bull (NNR 72.9%). The results of the present study concluded that NRR at 56 days post AI is related to parameters of semen quality. Therefore, semen evaluation may allow the discarding of bulls with poor fertility in an AI program.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.485-490
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• 1991

A 7-year old Holstein bull showing marked thickening of left forelimb was diagnosed as pulmonary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy on the histological basis of the exostotic bone of left metacarphus. Thickening of the bone was due to apposition of excessive cancerous bone beneath the periosteum on the shaft. The lung lesion of the bull, chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia was possibly related to pathogenesis of the bone thickening.