• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.103-110
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• 2016

In recent years, as selling books on the internet becomes popular, the number of off-line bookstores are rapidly dwindling away. This change on the book market requires, the function and space of the bookstores should be defined again. Now bookstores are the places of experiences on cultures, world-views, and lifestyles around books. The study examines six large bookstores and finds three strategies of space expression as follow. First, Dominicanen bookstore in Maastricht which was built as a church has an expression which contrasts the old and the new as well as the sacred and the profane. Fangsuo bookstore in Chengdu creates a modern underground Sutra Depository. Here, people experience history and religion. Second, Cook & Book in Brussels has nine theme areas, each with a different selection of books, different interior decoration and special food and beverage like a theme park. Zhongshu bookshop in Shanghai has a lattice of nine reading rooms in which each unique design theme is characterized based on each book subject. Third, Cultura Bookstore in Sao Paulo is created to support social interchange. It leads people to the enormous plaza of books where people read books freely and participate in workshops, movies and all kinds of events. Daikanyama Tsutaya Books in Tokyo is composed of three white box-form pavilions which are connected by a 55-meter long aisle, called a magazine street. People walk along the street and choose concierge services as they browse magazines and books. The study finds out three strategies of design in current large bookstores to promote place-experience, which are the story-telling of history and culture, the design of theme parks, and openness for public mingling like plazas and streets. Thus, the study suggests a new paradigm in the design of bookstores in this internet age.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.329-339
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• 2009

A historical and cultural map needs an overall reflection of the links based on time and space among the various composite factors, instead of requiring a simple collection of the respective relics in a particular region. The study of history, culture and living environment of river system area, a place that is known to as a cradle of civilization, will be able to undertake a role in the research and comparison with other cultural regions, reaching beyond the regional units until now and moreover investigation the international and intercontinental history of civilization. In this context, this research focuses on the establishment of a cultural information system for the public use and the insight to the regional identity and materialization of culture based on Korea's peculiar history and culture. Thus, the information system for Youngsan River area aims to create a form of electronic map that contains various cultural and historical information on river system area, which is a integrated information system based on Web GIS that is open to public use through the internet. The above mentioned system is a combined product from the basic research data on various fields of study, including archaeology, architecture, arts, ecological environment, history, folk customs, literature, and food, while it aims for not only its utilization in interdisciplinary studies but also creating new value as a public database. As a result, the expected effects due to the establishment of historical and cultural information system based on Web GIS of Youngsan River area are as follows: First, the study can contribute to verify a road map of the study on Youngsan River area. Second, it will take a role to stimulate the academical research on the dynamic structure and characteristics of the Youngsan River area. Third, we can also expect an effect of gaining a full foothold in providing an electronic academic source specialized for the study of the historical and cultural map.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.23-38
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• 2022

This study investigates the characteristics and physical habitat requirements for each Bufo gargarizans life history through a literature survey. After deriving variables for each component of Bufo gargarizans, in order to reduce regional deviations from eight previously studied literature research areas for deriving the criteria for variables, a total of 12 natural habitats of Bufo gargarizanss are selected as spatial ranges by selecting four additional sites such as Umyeonsan Ecological Park in Seoul, Wonheungibangjuk in Cheongju in the central region, Changnyeong Isan Reservoir in the southern region, and Mangwonji in Daegu. This study presents Bufo gargarizans SI, a species endemic to Korea, whose population is rapidly declining due to large-scale housing site development and road development, and develops a Bufo gargarizans HSI model accordingly to improve the function of the damaged Bufo gargarizans habitat and to present an objective basis for site selection of alternative habitat. At the same time, it provides basic data for adaptive management and follow-up monitoring. The three basic habitat requirements of amphibians, the physical habitat requirements of Bufo gargarizans, synthesized with shelter, food, and water, and the characteristics of each life history, are classified into five components by adding space and threats through literature research and expert advice. Variables are proposed by synthesizing and comparing the general characteristics of amphibians, among the previously studied single species of amphibians, the components of HSI of goldfrogs and Bufo gargarizans, and the ecological and physical environmental characteristics of Bufo gargarizans. Afterwards, through consultation with an amphibian expert, a total of 10 variables are finally presented by adjacent forest area(ha), the distance between spawning area and the nearest forest land(m), the soil, the distance from the wetland(m), the forest layered structure, the low grassland space, the permanent wetland area(ha), shoreline slope(%), PH, presence of predators, distance from road(m), presence or absence of obstacles. n order to derive the final criteria for each of the 10 variables, the criteria(alternative) for each variable are presented through geographic information analysis of the site survey area and field surveys of the previously studied literature research area. After a focus group interview(FGI) of 30 people related to the Bufo gargarizans colony in Cheongju, a questionnaire and in-depth interviews with three amphibians experts are conducted to verify and supplement the criteria for each final variable. Based on the finally developed Bufo gargarizans HSI, the Bufo gargarizans habitat model is presented through the SI graph model and the drawing centering on the Bufo gargarizans spawning area

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2005

Khori(高麗) refers to the Chaabog(reindeer) that live on lichens(蘚) on Mt. Soyon(鮮) in which pastures are the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia. Thus, the origin region of the Khori or Koguryo that are the ancestors of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads(馴鹿 遊牧民) can be said to be the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas of North Eurasia and North America. When the pastoral nomads moved on to the great mountain(大山) zone of the Jangbaek(長白) to the Baekdu(白頭) Mountains, they could have been in contact with pastoral farmers or agricultural farmers living there and they became the farmers remaining on agricultural farms. They were the Koryo people, the ancestors of Korea. Staying in one place, they gradually forgot the origin of their reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic history in the Northwest area of Mt. Soyon, the small mountain(小山) zone of the Steppe-Taiga-Tundra pastoral areas. In other words, they lost their identity as reindeer-herding pastoral nomads when they entered the agricultural area after leaving the pastoral area. However, since their basic genes had already formed when they lived on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia, it is possible to study their pastoral nomadic history focusing on 'the minority living in the broad area(廣域少數)', by utilizing highly advanced biotechnological science and focusing on genes and information technology innovation, and removing various past hindrances in research. Therefore, it is not so difficult to restore the reindeerherding pastoral nomadic history of the Koguryo(高句麗) people and secure their pastoral nomadic identity, of which the first steps have already been taken into their historical stages. The Eurasian continent and the Korean peninsula, especially the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the Korean peninsula have been closely related to each other ecologically and historically. They can never be a separate space at all. The Eurasian continent lies horizontally east to west and thus, the continent forms an isothermal zone. Also, since the time of producing their own foods, it was relatively easy for people with their technology to move to other places owing to the pastoral nomadic characteristic of mobility. Unlike the Chungyen(中原) region, western Asia and the regions covering the Siberia-Manchu-Korean peninsula where food production revolution was first made were connected to the Mongolian lichens route(蘚苔之路: Ni, ukinii jam) and steppe roads. Although the ecological conditions of nature have changed a bit throughout a long history, it was natural for the many tribes in North Asia living on the largest Steppe-Taiga-Tundra area in the world to have believed 'the legends related to animals in relation to their founders and ancestors(獸祖傳說)'. Assuming that Siberian tigers and the tigers living on Mt. Baekdu were connected ecologically and genetically because of the ecological characteristics of the animals, and their migration from plateau to plateau, we would suspect that the Chosun(朝鮮) tribe living on Mt. Baekdu were ethnically and culturally more closely connected to the farther removed Ural-Altai tribes that lived on the cold and dry plateau region than to the Han(i14;) tribe who lived in Chungyen(中原) that was close to Mt. Baekdu. More evidence is the structure of the Korean language which has the form of 'Subject + Object + Verb', which is assumed to have originated from the speedy lifestyle of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads. The structure is quite different from that of the Han(漢) language, which is based on agricultural life. Also, it is natural for reindeer riding reindeerherding pastoral nomads or horse-riding sheep-herding pastoral nomads(騎馬, 羊遊牧民) to have held military and political power over the region and eventually to have established an ancient pastoral nomadic empire in the process of their conquest of agricultural regions. The stages for founding global empires in the history of mankind maybe largely divided into two, in terms of ecological conditions and occupations. They are the steppes and the oceans. Of course, the steppe-based empires were established based on the skills to deal with horses and the ability to shoot arrows while riding horses, along with the use of iron ware in the 8th century BC. The steppe-based empires became the foundation for an oceanic empire, which could have been established by the use of warships and warship guns since the 15th Century. Based on those facts, we know that Chosun, Puyo(夫餘), and Koguryo are the products of a developmental process of pastoral nomadic empires on the steppes. Maybe we can easily find the pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo more than we expected when we trace the origins and history of the Korean tribe living in the pastures located in the northwest area of Mt. Jangbaek by focusing on pastoral nomadic mobility and organization just as we have investigated the historic origins of Anglo-Saxons in America by focusing on the times before the 15th Century. In the process, we should keep in mind that English culture originated from the Industrial Revolution and was directly delivered to the American continent, although America was far from England and was not an intermediate point on long sojourns either. Further, American culture came back to England in a more advanced form later. The most important thing currently to be resolved is to cause Koreans to look back on their own history in a freer way of thinking and with diverse, profound, and sharp insight, taking away the old and existing conventional recognition that is entangled with complicated interests with Korean people and other countries. The meanings of Chosun, Khori, and Solongos have been interpreted arbitrarily without any historic evidence by the scholars who followed conventional tradition of fixed-minded aristocrats in an agricultural society. If the Siberian cultural properties of the stone age, the earthenware age, the bronze age, and the iron age are analyzed in such a way, archaeological discovery will never be able to contribute to the restoration of the Koguryo's pastoral nomadic identity. One should transcend the errors that tend to interpret the cultural properties discovered in the pastoral nomadic regions as not being differentiated from those of agricultural regions and just interpret them altogether from the agricultural point of view. A more careful intention is required in the interpretation of cultural properties of ancient Korean empires that seem to have been formed due to mutual interactions of pastoral nomadic and agricultural cultures. Also, it is required that the conventional recognition chain of 'reverse-genes' be severed, which has placed more weight on agricultural properties than pastoral nomadic ones, since their settlement on agricultural farms was made after the establishment of their ancient pastoral nomadic empires. There is no reason at all to place priority on stoneware, earthenware, bronze ware, and iron ware than on wooden ware(木器) and other ware which were made of animal skins(皮器), bones and horns(骨角器), in analyzing the history in the regions of reindeer or sheep pastures. Reading ancient Korean history from the perspective of pastoral nomadic history, one feels strongly the instinctive emotions to return to the natural 'mother place'. The reindeer-herding pastoral nomadic identity of the Koguryo people that has been accumulated in volumes in their genes and hidden deep inside and have interacted organically could be reborn with Burqanism(Burqan refers to 不咸 in Chinese), which was their religion by birth and symbolized as the red willow(紅柳=不咸). The mother place of the Koguryo's people is the endless vast green pastures of North Eurasia and North America, where we anticipated the development of Korean livestock farming following the inherent properties in the genes of the reindeer-herding pastoral nomads with Korean ancestors. We anticipate that the place would be the core resource that could contribute to the development of life of living creatures following the inherent properties of their genes and biotechnological factors. In other words, biotechnology used for a search for clues on the well-being of humans could be the fruit brought by Burqanism of the Koguryo people and the fruit of the globalization of Korean livestock farming. It is the Chosun farmer in China come from the vast nomadic reindeer pastures of North Eurasia that resolved the food problem of a billion Chinese people with lowland paddy rice seeds (水稻) by transforming Heilongjiang Province(黑龍江省) into an oceanic lowland paddy rice field(水田). Even Mao Tse-tung(毛擇東) could not resolve the food problem by his revolution campaigns for tens of years. Today is the very time that requires the development of special livestock farming following the inherent properties of the ancient Korean reindeer-herding pastoral nomads that respected the dignity of life on the cold and dry plateau of North Eurasia and the America continent. I suggest that research should be started from the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe in East Mongolia that was the homeland of Hanwoo(韓牛) and the central horse-herding steppe place(牧馬場) of Chingis Khan's Mongolia. The Dariganga Steppe is awash with an affluent natural environment for pastoral nomadic living however, the quality of life of the pastoral nomads there is still low. I suggest we Koreans, the descendents of the Koguryo, should take our first steps for our livestock farming business project and develop the Northern nomadic pastures, here at the pastures of the Dariganga Steppe, which is the Mongolian core place of state-of-the-art technology for military weapons.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.181-199
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• 2010

As rapid progress of population aging and strong interest in health, the demand for new healthcare service is increasing. Until now healthcare service has provided post treatment by face-to-face manner. But according to related researches, proactive treatment is resulted to be more effective for preventing diseases. Particularly, the existing healthcare services have limitations in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome such a lifestyle disease, because the cause of metabolic syndrome is related to life habit. As the advent of ubiquitous technology, patients with the metabolic syndrome can improve life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity without the constraints of time and space through u-healthcare service. Therefore, lots of researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the personalized healthcare service for preventing and managing metabolic syndrome. For example, Kim et al.(2010) have proposed a healthcare model for providing the customized calories and rates of nutrition factors by analyzing the user's preference in foods. Lee et al.(2010) have suggested the customized diet recommendation service considering the basic information, vital signs, family history of diseases and food preferences to prevent and manage coronary heart disease. And, Kim and Han(2004) have demonstrated that the web-based nutrition counseling has effects on food intake and lipids of patients with hyperlipidemia. However, the existing researches for u-healthcare service focus on providing the predefined one-way u-healthcare service. Thus, users have a tendency to easily lose interest in improving life habit. To solve such a problem of u-healthcare service, this research suggests a u-healthcare recommender system which is based on collaborative filtering principle and social network. This research follows the principle of collaborative filtering, but preserves local networks (consisting of small group of similar neighbors) for target users to recommend context aware healthcare services. Our research is consisted of the following five steps. In the first step, user profile is created using the usage history data for improvement in life habit. And then, a set of users known as neighbors is formed by the degree of similarity between the users, which is calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient. In the second step, the target user obtains service information from his/her neighbors. In the third step, recommendation list of top-N service is generated for the target user. Making the list, we use the multi-filtering based on user's psychological context information and body mass index (BMI) information for the detailed recommendation. In the fourth step, the personal information, which is the history of the usage service, is updated when the target user uses the recommended service. In the final step, a social network is reformed to continually provide qualified recommendation. For example, the neighbors may be excluded from the social network if the target user doesn't like the recommendation list received from them. That is, this step updates each user's neighbors locally, so maintains the updated local neighbors always to give context aware recommendation in real time. The characteristics of our research as follows. First, we develop the u-healthcare recommender system for improving life habit such as poor eating habits and physical inactivity. Second, the proposed recommender system uses autonomous collaboration, which enables users to prevent dropping and not to lose user's interest in improving life habit. Third, the reformation of the social network is automated to maintain the quality of recommendation. Finally, this research has implemented a mobile prototype system using JAVA and Microsoft Access2007 to recommend the prescribed foods and exercises for chronic disease prevention, which are provided by A university medical center. This research intends to prevent diseases such as chronic illnesses and to improve user's lifestyle through providing context aware and personalized food and exercise services with the help of similar users'experience and knowledge. We expect that the user of this system can improve their life habit with the help of handheld mobile smart phone, because it uses autonomous collaboration to arouse interest in healthcare.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.51-61
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• 2015

The purposes of this study were to examine the characteristics of elements composing the cultural identity of Chinese architectural and spatial design, and to analyze the expression characteristics and influencing factors of contemporary restaurant design. With these purposes, first, this study reviewed related literature in order to find the characteristics of tangible elements observed in intangible elements and space expression characteristics forming the cultural identity of China. Second, this study conducted a case study in order to understand the expression characteristics of the design of Chinese restaurants in Shanghai and to find factors influencing the design. In order to sample the subjects of the case study, the researcher selected 18 restaurants that were recommended repeatedly in books on Chinese restaurants and tourism and major Internet sites or highly evaluated by visitors, and then choose 15 of them that were found to be fit for the purpose of the survey. According to the result of the survey, the restaurants were largely grouped by type into 10 cases of fine dining, 3 of middle-class casual dining, 1 of fast food, and 1 of luxury tea house serving traditional tea and snacks. Of these restaurants, 46.7% (7 cases) were of CM-CM-CM type, namely, using contemporary simple elements in all of external spaces, indoor spaces, and decorations, 20% (3 cases) were of CM-CM-CT type, using contemporary and simple external and indoor spaces, and traditional furniture or articles, 20% (3 cases) were of CT-CM-CT type, using traditional external spaces such as traditional buildings, contemporary simple finishing of indoor spaces, and traditional articles such as palace lanterns and traditional doors and windows, and 13.3% (2 cases) were of CT-CT-CT type, using traditional elements in their original forms in general. Through this research and survey, cultural identity showing Chinese traditions observed in the expression characteristics of restaurant spatial designs was confirmed, and it was also found that the identity was underlain by ideologies, values, lifestyles, etc. that had long accumulated through the long history of the country and exerted a great influence.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.197-224
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• 1999

The conception of 'earth(土)' belonging to the five evolutive phases(五行) is cognized that it is not partial to any side differing from other four phases and it can control other four phases so, it is the first gate to enter the process of changes. In the five organs(五臟), the spleen come under the earth phases and it have been very importantly considered for past to now in oriental medical history, for example by Li Dongyuan(李東垣). In this study, the results are summarized as the followings. 1. The term of the acquired constitution(後天) made by So-ong(邵雍), a scholar in the north so-dynasty, is used in the study of the book of changes(易經). And he said "The inborn constitution(先天) is the law of the nature itself and, the acquired constitution(後天) is the law of making the changes with the nature." In the myung-dynasty Li jungjae(李仲梓) made extract from this remarks 10 define that the spleen is the basis of the acquired constitution. So it considered that the the idea of changes(易) had an effect on the oriental medicine. 2. The one element of five phases, earth is the center of the changes and it composes the power of life with the sangsu(生數)-1, 2, 3, 4, and the sungsu(成數)-6, 7, 8, 9. In this process, the earth is the basis of the changes of the five phases. At the same time the spleen carry out the important physiological role in the humanbody controlling the other four organs. 3. In the change of the universe, the repetitionary movement of Yin(陰) and yang(陽) is the action of earth and it means illimitable division. In the course of this division all things change to new phases for example, the food changes 10 the ki(氣) through the action of spleen and stomach. So the organ of spleen and stomach is the space that the action of change occur. 4. Consequently the conception of bi(脾) is close to the pancreas that the spleen. And the duodenum is close to the conception of stomach because the space is the site of mito(未土). 5. The action of yin and yang in the ancient taegukdo(太極圖) is close 10 the connection of N-pole and S-pole. In the humanbody the two power is compared to the action of spleen and kidney, that means expansion and contraction. Also it means the inborn constitution and the acquired constitution so, it applyed to the all things in the universe.