• 건축역사연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.33-50
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• 2014

Formative and structural characteristics of stone pagoda in Jeonnam area are known in largely two flows. One is that characteristic of stone pagoda in Jeonnam area of the Unified Silla is shown in eastern Jeonnam and some southern Jeonnam. But it is not shown in surroundings of Yeongsan river. Another is that besides stone pagoda in Silla style where social aspects of Goryeo are reflected, stone pagoda in Baekje style appeared. On the other hand, stone brick pagoda and non-typical stone pagoda appeared. These stone pagodas were developed mainly in north and west of Jeonnam, and could be classified in pure Baekje style and a cross style according to formative and structural characteristics. Stone brick pagoda is extant in Wolnamsa site and Woonjusa in Chungcheong and Jella areas which are old places of Baekje.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.21-30
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• 2023

The Wolseong Wooden moat is a unique example. Which is a vertical wall made of wood. It shows a changing point how to make the wall by digging a hole and stacking stones vertically. This study tried to to make a assumption about the construction process of the wooden structure found in the Wolseong pit moat. I sorted out wooden elements and then analyzing these features and compared with the results of the excavation. After I made 3D modelling in the order to it was made. This moat is not only a function of digging up the ground to trap water, but also a technique of building structures to maintain walls. It is a valuable material that can show the woodworking engineering techniques of the Silla Dynasty.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.408-418
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• 2008

In this study, solar eclipse records were investigated during the Three Kingdoms era of ancient Korea using astronomical calculations and numerical simulations. Under the condition that the solar eclipses were actually observed at the well known capitals of the Three Kingdoms, I investigated the probabilities that the optimal observation areas of the Early Silla, Goguryeo, and Baekje records would appear around Chinese continent. I found higher probabilities than those suggested by Park and La (1994), although the numerical values are still low, especially in the case of the Early Silla records. On the other hand, the probability that the optimal observation area of the Later Silla records will be present around South Korea is only 13.6%, although the area shows a good match with the known capital. I also analyzed the number distribution of the eclipse records for the Three Kingdoms (except for the latter Silla's) according to the observers' locations: at the optimal observation areas and at the known capitals. And then I compared with the number distribution of all eclipses observable from those locations. From the $\chi^2$-test, I found that the Goguryeo and Baekje records had better representation of their population distributions at the latter regions ($\chi^2$=27.93 and 205.5) than at the former ones ($\chi^2$=34.19 and 211.5). Therefore, it is difficult to conclude that the observers' locations during the Three Kingdoms period were either near China, as suggested by Park and La, or in the Korean peninsula, solely based on these results. It is thus recommended that more studies are required to confirm the real observers' locations during the Three Kingdoms era.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.7-26
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• 2003

This article works on the development process of the Buddhist Temple with two pagodas in the Eastern Asia. in 7-8th centuries. This study was motivated from the observation that why there are many the Buddhist Temple having two pagodas only around the late 7th century, roughly around 670 A.D.. This period corresponds to the Silla Dynasty(in Korean History) and Hakuho Period(in Japan History) among the Eastern Asia while the composition of the temple being changed as Buddhism spreads out from China. The results of this study are the followings. The appearance of the Buddhist Temple having two pagodas was resulted from the representation of the Ideology in Botabpum(dogma of pagoda security) of the Saddharmapundarika Sutra, that is to say, two Buddhas sit side by side and iconography of Esoteric Buddhism dogma supports the spirit for defending one's country. Buddhist Temple having two pagodas in China had separate tab-won(areas with pagodas outer temple building block). Buddhist Temple having two pagodas in Korea had begun with sacheunwangsa temple in Unified-Silla. But it had two pagodas with inner temple area instead of outer. This was different from the composition of China. It can be related to the layout of the temple haying two pagodas in East-Jin(in China History) and the sculpture of two pagodas in Ungang-stonecave(in China). Thus the layout of the Buddhist Temple having two pagodas in Silla had been originated from that of China, but was developed to the main temple layout on her own accord. As Japanese Temple having two pagodas had been influenced diplomatically, it had two pagodas inner area as like the layout in Shilla. But later under the influence of Tang it was modified to the layout having them in separate area. And this influence can be seen for example Tangchojaesa temple. For the more, We call see that the diplomatic trends according to the policies in East asia affected to Buddhism and then naturally also to the layout of the Buddhist Temple.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.7-22
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• 2021

This study was prepared to understand the changes in the stylobate and the characteristics of contrasting with the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, which occupies an important position in ancient architecture. Literature data related to the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, excavation data, and newly identified stylobate stone were examined.The reconstruction period of the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, the size and form of the stylobate, the plan of the stylobate, the height plan, and the elevation plan were reviewed one after another.Since its foundation in 646, the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple has been rebuilt during the reign of King Gyeongmun in 873 and a stylobate has been rebuilt. Through the analysis of similar cases with the wooden pagoda's face stone members, the elevation of the stylobate was proved. It is estimated that the size and format of the wooden pagoda stylobate were similar to those of the reconstruction stylobate. It seems that the Sumijwa style stylobate was first introduced to the foundation of the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple. This is of great significance in that it provided a fundamental motif for the stylobate of architecture and stone architecture of the Unified Silla period.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-25
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to examine the standard scale of measuring a block of Kyongju(慶州), the Capital of the Silla Dynasty(B.C.57${\sim}$A.D.935). Through the study, it is clarified that 1). the block of Kyongju city is planned and divided by using the eight-Zhou-foot(周尺) as a standard scale, which is equivalent to the length of one-bo(보(步); 2). the distance between the center of the streets is around 100 bo and the width of the block is around 90 bo; 3). the distance between the streets is very near to the distance 167.054m of Jing-tian-zhi(井田制), which supports the use of Zhou-foot as a standard scale. As a result, it can be maintained that the city planning of Kyongju is related to that the Jing-tian-zhi of the Zhou Dynasty and the standard scale of measuring a block of Kyongju us executed by using the eight-Zhou-foot standard scale.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

This paper aimed to identify the architectural characteristics of the chimi excavated from ancient ruins, especially middle gate remains of Bunhwangsa Temple in the Unified Silla period. Middle gate had planned $3{\times}2$ with 295mm measuring unit and gabled building. Detailed study of the shape of chimi of the middle gate restored by related field experts reveals as follows. 1) Height of chimi is 4.5(130.6cm) of Tang's system of measurement classified as large one. 2) The front and back side square hole is made for transverse timber placement. 3) Position of chimi is not the end of the ridge of roof, it moved toward the center. 4) Construction method of chimi is structured with smaller beam and center column. 5) Width and height of the ridge is less than 38cm and 54cm to be approximately, Width and height of the gabled ridge is less than 38cm and 50cm. 6) This chimi is considered to be very unique when compared to existing ancient restored chimis, it is designed to be advantageous to the chimi construction.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.77-94
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• 2006

"Mixed construction of platform" means the platform which was constructed by mixing heterogeneous materials such as roof tiles or bricks with divided stone of trimmed stone. This kind of construction technique was not known or found from the building sites of Goguryo or Silla so far and therefore it used to be understood as a unique platform construction technique or the product of technology and creativeness of Baikje's craftsman. The mixed construction of platform of Baikje came to position itself as one of the patterns of platform mainly used over Sabi period and we found the pattern from the sites including Imryugak site in Gongju, temple for royal tomb in Gwanbuk-ri, Wangheungsa Temple site, building site in Keumseong Mountain, Ohapsa Temple site in Byryeong. From the fact that they used a variety of materials which they could easily get around them such as roof tiles or bricks in addition to stones for the construction of platforms, we can see the feasibility and decoration characteristics of their material supply at that time. On the other hand, this mixed construction of platform was not popular in Goguryo and Silla, the major reason for which is judged to be non-existence of platforms to construct using bricks or roof tiles which could be constructed together with platform using divided stones. This is supported by the results of excavation of Hwangryongsa Temple site, Bunhwangsa Temple site, Heungryunsa Temple site of Silla which gave us comparatively abundant excavation data, and Jeongreungsa Temple site, Cheongamsa Temple site, Toseongrisa Temple site and building site in Daeseong Mountain castle and Anhak Palace site of Goguryo. For further progressive study on the mixed construction of platform of Baikje in the future, we will have to review more on the social background and technical background with the linkage with archeology and architecture at that time which led to the creation of such platform.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2008년도 춘계종합학술대회 A
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• pp.337-342
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• 2008

최근 들어 기존의 녹색 바탕 차량 번호판에서, 흰색 바탕의 신 차량 번호판으로 교체되고 있다. 하지만 아직 기존 차량 번호판이 신 차량 번호판으로 전면 교체되지 않아 두 번호판 모두 사용되고 있다. 따라서 주차관리 시스템, 속도위반, 신호 위반 등 무인 카메라를 이용한 시스템에서, 기존 차량 번호판과 신 차량 번호판의 특징에 맞는 인식 시스템이 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 기존 차량 번호판과 신 차량 번호판을 통합한, 지능형 차량 번호판 인식 시스템을 제안한다. 무인 카메라에서 획득된 차량 영상에서 번호판의 색상 정보를 이용하여 기존 차량 번호판과 신 차량 번호판을 구분한다. 기존 차량 번호판인 경우에는 HSI 컬러 공간을 이용하여 이진화를 적용하며, 신 차량 번호판인 경우에는 블록 이진화를 적용한다. 이진화된 영상을 대상으로 차량의 형태학적 특징을 이용하여 잡음을 제거한 후, 차량 번호판 영역을 추출한다. 추출된 차량 번호판 영역에 대해 Labeling 알고리즘을 적용하여 개별 문자를 추출한다. 추출된 개별 문자는 FCM 알고리즘을 적용하여 인식한다. 제안된 차량 번호판 추출 및 인식 방법의 성능을 평가하기 위해 160장의 기존 차량 영상과 100장의 신 차량 영상을 대상으로 실험한 결과, 제안된 차량 번호판 추출 및 인식 방법이 실험을 통해서 효율적인 것을 확인하였다.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권5호
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• pp.393-599
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• 2007

In order to restore the Hwangsanbeol Combat at present, it is necessary to make a close examination on the name of the military cops, the number of units, and the numerical strength, an unit organization, and a combat formation. Based on Samguksagi, Samgukyusa, other historical documents and military history information, I tried to restore the Hwansanbeol Combat as follow. The Shilla, at the 7 year of Mooyeol Dynasty, AD. 660, maintained 35 military units. The Shilla committed18 military units from among 35 units to battle against Baekje at the 7 Year of Mooyeol Danasty. The names ofmilitary units are as follow: 1) Daedang, 2) Sangjoojeong, 3) Hajoojeong, 4) Seodang, 5) Nangdang, 6) Eumlihwajeong, 7) Samryanghwajeong, 8) Sosarnjeong, 9) Namcheonjeong, 10) Leehwahaejeong, 11) Kaegeumdang, 12) Geupdang, 13) Nodang, 14) Woonjaednag, 15) Chungdang, 16) Suktoodang, 17) Gwidang, and 18) Soogun. The numerical strength, which the Shilla maintained at the year of A.D. 660, was total 106,353 persons from 35 military units. Shilla committed 57,433 military personnel to combats against the Great Baekche. Ground Forces from the 57,433 personnel were 58,343 persons, and the naval forces were 9,100 persons. Finally, 2,602 persons from among the 9,100 naval forces were only combating forces, and non-combat forces were 6498 persons.