• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.217-231
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• 2014

Ancient masonry towers are regarded as among the most important historical heritage structures of the world. These slender structures typically have orthogonal and circular geometry in plane. These structural forms are commonly installed with adjacent structures. Because of their geometrical shapes and structural constraints, ancient masonry towers are more vulnerable to earthquake damage. The main goal of the paper is to investigate the seismic behavior of Erzurum Clock Tower under earthquake loading and to determine the contribution of the castle walls to the seismic performance of the tower. In this study, four three-dimensional finite element models of the Erzurum Clock Tower were developed and the seismic responses of the models were investigated. Time history analyses were performed using the earthquakes that took place in Turkey in 1983 near Erzurum and in 1992 near Erzincan. In the first model, the clock tower was modeled without the adjacent walls; in the second model, the clock tower was modeled with a castle wall on the south side; in the third model, the clock tower was modeled with a castle wall on the north side; and in the last model, the clock tower was modeled with two castle walls on both the north and south sides. Results of the analyses show that the adjacent walls do not allow lateral movements and the horizontal displacements decreases. It is concluded that the adjacent structures should be taken into consideration when modeling seismic performance in order to get accurate and realistic results.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.125-132
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• 2006

To estimate the local site effects at two town fortress areas where stone parapets were collapsed during historical earthquakes, site characteristics were evaluated using borehole drillings and seismic tests and equivalent-linear site response analyses were conducted based on the shear wave velocity (Vs) profiles determined from site investigations. The study sites are categorized as site classes C and B according to the mean Vs to 30 m ranging from 500 to 850 m/s, and their site periods are distributed in short period range of 0.06 to 0.16 sec. For site class C in the study areas, the short-period (0.1-0.5 sec) and mid-period (0.4-2.0 sec) site coefficients, $F_{\alpha}$ and $F_\nu$ specified in the Korean seismic design guide, underestimate the ground motion in short-period band and overestimate the ground motion in mid-period band, respectively, due to the characteristics showing high amplification in short period range, which can result in the collapse of stone parapets having the short natural period.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.99-112
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• 2016

Since the preservation of monuments is very important to human societies, different methods are required to preserve historic structures. In this paper, 3D model of arch stone bridge at Pont Saint Martin, Aosta, Italy, was simulated by 1660 integrated separate stones using ABAQUS$^{(R)}$ software to investigate the seismic susceptibility of the bridge. The main objective of this research was to study a method of preservation of the historical stone bridge against possible earthquakes using FRP techniques. The nonlinear behavior model of materials used theory of plasticity based on Drucker-Prager yield criterion. Then, contact behavior between the block and mortar was modeled. Also, Seismosignal software was used to collect data related to 1976 Friuli Earthquake Italy, which constitutes a real seismic loading. The results show that, retrofitting of the arch stone bridge using FRP techniques decreased displacement of stones of spandrel walls, which prevents the collapse of stones.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.757-768
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• 2016

In the past decades, effect of near field earthquake on the historical monuments has attracted the attention of researchers. So, many analyses in this regard have been presented. Tunnels as vital arteries play an important role in management after the earthquake crisis. However, digging tunnels and seismic effects of earthquake on the historical monuments have always been a challenge between engineers and historical supporters. So, in a case study, effect of near field earthquake on the historical monument was investigated. For this research, Finite Element Analysis (FEM) in soil environment and soil-structure interaction was used. In Plaxis 2D software, different accelerograms of near field earthquake were applied to the geometric definition. Analysis validations were performed based on the previous numerical studies. Creating a nonlinear relationship with space parameter, time, angular and numerical model outputs was of practical and critical importance. Hence, artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used and two linear layers and Tansig function were considered. Accuracy of the results was approved by the appropriate statistical test. Results of the study showed that buildings near and far from the tunnel had a special seismic behavior. Scattering of seismic waves on the underground tunnels on the adjacent buildings was influenced by their distance from the tunnel. Finally, a static test expressed optimal convergence of neural network and Plaxis.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Historical earthquakes have shown that successive seismic events may occur in regions of high seismicity. Such a sequence of earthquakes has the potential to increase the damage level of the structures, since any rehabilitation between the successive ground motions is practically impossible due to lack of time. Few studies about this issue can be found in literature, most of which focused their attention on the seismic response of SDOF systems or planar frame structures. The aim of the present study is to examine the impact of seismic sequences on the damage level of 3D multistorey R/C buildings with various structural systems. For the purposes of the above investigation a comprehensive assessment is conducted using three double-symmetric and three asymmetric in plan medium-rise R/C buildings, which are designed on the basis of the current seismic codes. The buildings are analyzed by nonlinear time response analysis using 80 bidirectional seismic sequences. In order to account for the variable orientation of the seismic motion, the two horizontal accelerograms of each earthquake record are applied along horizontal orthogonal axes forming 12 different angles with the structural axes. The assessment of the results revealed that successive ground motions can lead to significant increase of the structural damage compared to the damage caused by the corresponding single seismic events. Furthermore, the incident angle can radically alter the successive earthquake phenomenon depending on the special characteristics of the structure, the number of the sequential earthquakes, as well as the distance of the record from the fault.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.185-192
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• 2017

2016년 9월 12일 규모 5.8의 본진을 포함한 일련의 지진들이 경주에서 발생했다. 본진은 1905년 한반도에서 지진관측을 시작한 이래 반도 남부에서 발생한 최대의 지진으로서 양산단층이 명백한 활성단층임을 입증하였다. 콘래드 불연속면이 없는 단층의 한반도 지각 모델에 의한 경주지진들의 전진, 본진, 여진들의 평균깊이는 12.9 km로 콘래드 불연속면이 있는 2층 구조의 IASP91 모델에 의한 평균깊이보다 2.8 km 낮다. 경주지역에서 발생한 역사지진 및 계기지진들의 진앙분포는 주 단층인 양산단층과 부속 단층을 포함하는 양산단층계가 광범위한 파쇄대임을 시사한다. 규모 5.8의 경주지진에 수반한 지진들의 진앙분포는 양산단층계의 몇 단층들이 응력에너지의 방출에 관여하였음을 지시한다. 경주지진들의 주요 지진들이 지표가 아닌 10 km 이하에서 발생한 것은 양산단층계의 심부 활성단층들의 분포를 연구할 필요성을 제기한다. 경주지역의 지진자료에 근거하여 추정한 이 일대의 최대지진의 규모는 7.3이다. 한반도의 가장 완전한 1978년 이후의 지진자료를 이용하여 추정한 경주지역의 규모 5.0, 6.0, 7.0을 초과하는 지진들의 재현간격은 각기 80년, 670년, 그리고 5,900년이다. 2016년 9월 경주지진들은 본질적으로 판내부지진활동의 범주에 속하며 2011년 3월 11일 일본해구에서 발생한 판경계지진횔동인 동일본대지진과는 무관하다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.233-256
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• 2011

This paper investigates the applicability of newly developed Cu-Al-Mn shape memory alloy (SMA) bars to retrofitting of historical masonry constructions by performing quasi-static tests of half-scale brick walls subjected to cyclic out-of-plane flexure. Problems associated with conventional steel reinforcing bars lie in pinching, or degradation of stiffness and strength under cyclic loading, and in their inability to restrain residual deformations in structures during and after intense earthquakes. This paper attempts to resolve the problems by applying newly developed Cu-Al-Mn SMA bars, characterized by large recovery strain, low material cost, and high machinability, as partial replacements for steel bars. Three types of brick wall specimens, unreinforced, steel reinforced, and SMA reinforced specimens are prepared. The specimens are subjected to quasi-static cyclic loading up to rotation angle enough to cause yielding of reinforcing bars. Corresponding nonlinear finite element models are developed to simulate the experimental observations. It was found from the experimental and numerical results that both the steel reinforced and SMA reinforced specimens showed substantial increment in strength and ductility as compared to the unreinforced specimen. The steel reinforced specimen showed pinching and significant residual elongation in reinforcing bars while the SMA reinforced specimen did not. Both the experimental and numerical observations demonstrate the superiority of Cu-Al-Mn SMA bars to conventional steel reinforcing bars in retrofitting historical masonry constructions.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제36권7호
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• pp.643-648
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• 2015

한반도의 22개 지진과, 북중국의 46개 지진자료를 활용하여 직접적으로 지진규모 평가가 어려운 우리나라 역사 지진의 규모 평가 방법을 도출코자 하였다. 한반도를 포함한 Sino-Korea craton에서 지진효과, 피해 등으로부터 구한 최대 진도($I_0$)와 지역규모($M_L$)와의 관계식은 $M_L=1.7+0.57{\times}I_0$이다. 감진면적만 추정이 가능한 역사지진의 경우, 한반도에서 적용 가능한 지역규모-감진면적(FA) 식은 $M_L=4.29-1.34{\times}log(FA)+0.28{\times}log^2(FA)$이다. 그러나 역사지진에서 감진면적에 대한 불확실성으로 인해 지진효과, 피해 기록과 감진 면적이 동시에 기록된 경우 최대진도-규모 관계식을 통해 규모를 평가하는 것이 더 타당하다고 본다.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2016

우리나라 남동부에 위치한 경주와 그 주변지역에서는 과거부터 최근까지 크고 작은 지진이 반복적으로 발생하고 있다. 계기지진자료를 검토하여 경주 주변 약 $20km{\times}30km$ 지역 내에서 지진이 많이 발생하고 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 지역에서 2010년 1월부터 2014년 12월 사이에 발생했지만, 그 규모가 너무 작아 미처 보고되지 않은 300개 이상의 미소지진을 식별하고 그 발생위치를 결정하였다. 연구지역 지하의 속도구조와 진원요소 결정에 사용하는 속도모델의 차이로 인한 오차를 줄이기 위하여 JHD 방법을 사용하였다. 연구지역에서는 활성으로 의심되는 제4기 단층들이 여러 장소에서 보고되고 있으므로, 이 단층들과 미소지진발생과의 관련 가능성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 새로이 발생사실이 보고되는 미소 지진들은 연일구조선의 남측분절, 석읍단층 그리고 와읍분지 경계단층과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타난다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.445-455
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• 2021

Lake Van Basin, located in Eastern Turkey, is worth examining in terms of seismicity due to large-scale losses of property and life during the historical and instrumental period. The most important and largest province in this basin is Van. Recent indicators of the high seismicity risk in the province are damage occurring after devastating earthquakes in 2011 (Mw=7.2 and Mw=5.6) and lastly in 2020 Khoy (Mw=5.9). The seismic hazard analysis for Van and its districts in Eastern Turkey was performed in probabilistic manner. Analyses were made for thirteen different districts in Van. In this study, information is given about the tectonic setting and seismicity of Van. The probabilistic seismic hazard curves were obtained for a probability of exceedance of 2%, 10% and 50% in 50-year periods. The PGA values in the Van province vary from 0.24 g - 0.43 g for earthquakes with repetition period of 475 years. Risk priorities were determined for all districts. The highest risk was calculated for Çaldıran and the lowest risk was found for Gürpınar. Risk priorities for buildings in all districts were also determined via rapid seismic assessment for reinforced-concrete and masonry buildings in this study.