• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-stretching exercises for iliotibial band (ITB) (Side-lying; right hip and knee were flexed to support the pelvis while left hip was extended and adducted, Standing A; side-bending of the trunk on standing with crossed leg, Standing B; same as Standing A, except the hands were clasped overhead and shifted right side, and Standing C; same as Standing B, except moving the arms diagonally downward) to help determine the most effective self-stretching method to stretch ITB. Twenty-one healthy subjects who do not have ITB shortness from Yonsei University (14 men and 7 women) between the ages of 18 to 28 years voluntarily participated. Ultrasound was performed to measure the thickness of the ITB between the long axis of the ITB and the level parallel to the lateral femoral epicondyle during four self-stretching exercises. All data were found to approximate a normal distribution. We used a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the thickness of the ITB among all self-stretching exercises. The level of significance was set at ${\alpha}$=.05. The ANOVA was followed by Bonferroni's correction. The overall mean of ITB thickness was $1.14{\pm}.4$ mm (${\pm}$ standard deviation) in resting status. The change in the ITB thickness in percentages between the tested position of each self-stretching exercises and resting status was significant (p<.05) (Side-lying $26.62{\pm}10.18%$ with 95% confidence interval [CI]=21.99~31.25%; Standing A $29.46{\pm}16.19%$ with 95% CI=22.09~36.84%; Standing B $44.06{\pm}14.82%$ with 95% CI=37.31~50.81%; Standing C $53.76{\pm}12.1%$ with 95% CI=48.25~59.29%). Results indicated significant differences among four self-stretching exercises except Side-lying versus Standing A (p<.01). Based on these findings, the Standing C self-stretching exercise was the most effective in stretching the ITB thickness among four types of ITB self-stretching exercises. Additionally, the Side-lying self-stretching exercise using gravity to stretch the ITB is recommended as a low-load (low-intensity), long-duration stretch.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.63-72
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the pants pattern of the lower body of 70-85 aged women. I tried to present excellent pants pattern that is convenient and suitable for the activities of elderly women. Through this, I tried to provide basic data necessary for making elderly women 's pants. As a result of evaluating the appearance of the pants pattern according to the body type, the fit of the type 2 was evaluated as the highest in the item except the position of the front waist line. For the objective evaluation of the 3D simulation, the air gap of the pants by the body part analysis showed that there was not much difference in the air gap around the waist circumference, hip circumference, thigh circumference, and knee circumference by applying the same drawing method and body size. However, in type 2, the air gap of thigh and knee circumference parts was larger than that of type 1 and type 3. Because type 2's legs were thin but it used same size of hemline. It was thought that it is necessary to adjust the space of front and back crotch length to 1 inch (2.54 cm) instead of 1.9 cm (3/4 inch) so that the waistline position of all three types can be set up a little to cover the abdomen. This study was conducted to investigate changes in body shape of elderly women and to develop appropriate pants patterns.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

Pressure sores are an ulceration and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissue usually occur after prolonged or repeated pressure by interruption of blood flow from the small. vessels to the skin and deep tissue. The management of pressure sores is mostly difficult and requires prolonged hospitalization or repeated surgical interventions with a high recurrence rate. In this article we reviewed 14 cases of National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Pannel staging III, IV over the lateral malleolar area of the ankle in 2 years period from January 1999 to October 2001. The pressure over lateral malleolar area was mainly due to unique Korean sitting position with cross legs at flexed hips and knees or supine position of patient with external rotation of low extremity. Male to female ratio was 11: 3 and ages were between 36 and 83 (mean age: 67.1 years). Associated diseases were DM(7 cases), Hemiparesis caused by CVA(2 cases), Liver cirrhosis(2 cases), disarticulation of opposite hip due to squamous cell ca.(1 case), Intertrochanteric Fx.(1 case). Wound cultures reported Staphylococus, Pseudomonas and others. Abnormally elevated ESR and CRP were seen in 6 cases. Operative treatments were irrigation and debridement, direct closure with gravity drainage and skin grafting. The most important aspect of pressure sore treatment is pressure relief of the lateral malleolar area. Pressure-relieving Cast or Brace was helpful for local management and preventing recurrence.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-48
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to understand the importance and structure of underwear which is the closest cloth to the body. Scope of this research is from middle of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century. Firstly, I studied background of the times and change of women's status and duty. Secondly, I examined the outer garment closely by the ideal beauty of each period based on the study, and thirdly I looked into structure ways of underwear. Then lastly, I took a close look about the relation of outer garment and underwear, comparing with and researching both. I studied this research, focusing on corset, crinoline and bustle based on main characters such as reform and transform among several functions of underwear. The research results are such as follows. First of all, when women's social and economic status was subjected to men, women had worn corset and fashionable dresses even though there was many object movements and vices in women's garment. Secondly, according to those movements, the ideal beauty had changed little in the same sort emphasizing on breast and hip. Thirdly, structure method of underwear changed by ideal beauty and shape of outer garment. Due to increasing sports participation, improvement of women's position, achievement of practical use, women used more drawers and stopped wearing hoop. And the weight of underwear like combination and suspender attached to corset had decreased and advanced into the more practical way. Because of industrialization, function seemed to be granted by technology development, social position change of femininity.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2000

The Sit-and-Reach Test (SRT) is commonly nea to assess flexibility of the spine and length of the hamstring muscle, The purpose of this study was to describe hamstring muscle length as reflected by use of the SRT, the Hip Joint Angle (HJA) and Sack length(from C7 to S2) in children, to examine the correlation between Back length, SRT and HJA measurements and to examine gender differences. The 162 subjects were participated without known musculoskeletal and neurological impairments of their spine or lower exeremities. In the Long-silting position, the Back length, SRT and HJA measurements were obtained. A mean Back length value of 46.2cm, a mean SRT value of 29.4cm and a mean HJA of 77,0 degrees were obtained including all subjects. There was a strong correlation between the SRT and HJA measurements (r=.66). There were a difference between boys and girls in Back(p=.0019) and HJA measurements (p=.015). The results of this study suggest that measurements for the SRT and HJA were correlated than Back. The HJA measurements guide treatment more effectively than do Back length and SRT measurements.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.311-322
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• 2009

Using the 3-D analysis, this study winpared and analyzed the 'fade-shot swing' which is one of the golf technique. The subjects of this study were 3 male pro golfers they experimented with only a 7 iron. The purpose was to enhance their performance by producing the important kinematical parameters, finding out the features in them and providing the data to a coach and players. As a result, the position of the club head showed from the outside orbit to the inside orbit. When position of the center of mass moved backwards, the probability of the failure of the fade-shot increased. Cocking angle had an effect on easing the wrist for a smooth follow-through after the impact. It showed that the changes in the shoulder movement was made first and followed by the waist. The hip joint angular velocity achieved a smooth fade-shot motion due to the hitting delay also the velocity of the club-head was faster when uncocking was released at the time of impact.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.85-92
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• 2005

Objective: A number of candidate genes have been in implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity in humans. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha $(TNF-{\alpha})$ is expressed primarily in adipocytes, and elevated levels of this cytokine have been linked to obesity and insulin resistance. Recently, the A allele of a polymorphism at position 308 in the promoter region of $TNF-{\alpha}$ (G-308A) has been shown to increase transcription of the gene in adipocytes. Therefore, we designed this study to test whether obese and non-obese subjects differ in $TNF-{\alpha}$ genotype distribution, and how the genotypes affect anthropometric parameters, including degrees of body mass index (BMI). Methods : The study included 153 obese but otherwise healthy women ($BMI{\geq}kg/m^2$, range 25-54.7, age range 15-40 years) and 82 non-obese healthy women ($BMI, age range 15-40 years). Total fat mass and percent body fat were determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Genomic DNA was extracted and used for Ncol restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) based genotyping of $TNF-{\alpha}$. Results: No differences were observed for allelic and genotype frequencies between the obese ($BMI{\geq}25$) and non-obese women. Also, no association of TNF-(l polymorphism was observed with body mass index (BMI) for genotype in obese women. In addition, age, pertent body fat, BMI, and cholesterol levels did not differ by $TNF-{\alpha}$ genotype. However, waist-to­hip ratio (WHR) was significantly lower in subjects with $TNF-{\alpha}$ GA or AA genotype (0.94 0.07 vs. 0.920.03, P<0.005). Conclusion: These results suggest that $TNF-{\alpha}$ promoter polymorphism at position-308 is not a significant factor for BMI, but affects the WHR in obese healthy women from Koreans.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.155-171
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinematic variables of over head kick(OHK) in soccer with three dimensional analysis technique and show the kinematic characteristics of it. The 7 subjects were university football player who have been playing football more than 7 years. The OHK was filmed on 16mm video camera(30frame/sec.) kinematic variables were temporal, postures, and COG(center of gravity). The mean values and the standard deviation for each variables were obtained and used as basic factors for examining characteristics of OHK. The results of this analysis were as follows : Temporal variables : The total time elapsed(TE) of OHK was $0.95{\sim}1.14sec$, the 1st phase was 0.35sec., 2nd phase was 0.46sec., and 3rd phase was 0.22sec.. Posture variables : When subjects performed OHK at the impact event, the ankle and knee angle of kicking foot were more extend than supporting foot. but the hip angle of supporting foot were more extend than kirking foot. Moving distance of the center of mass of the both foot. When subject performed OHK at the impact event, the range of distance on mediolateral direction aspect into right left shoulder line, anteroposterior direction aspect was $20.9{\pm}10.5cm$, vertical direction aspect was $92.3{\pm}19.9cm$. Angular velocity : the faster angular velocity of knee ankle on the kicking foot pew form jump position to landing position, the faster velocity of ball became. C. O. G. variables. When subject performed OHK at the impact event, upper part of the body was getting lower, lower part of the body was getting higher.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze muscle activation of the lower extremities as a function of changes of the center of pressure (CoP) of the foot during squats in order to provide quantitative information to trainers who would like to teach correct movements for developing muscles. Method: Ten men with over three years of weight training experience participated in this study (age: $26.1{\pm}0.8yrs$, height: $171.2{\pm}3.9cm$, body mass: $71.1{\pm}5.7kg$, 60%RM: $84{\pm}9kg$, career: $4.0{\pm}0.7yrs$). The participants were instructed to perform a squat in each of 3 conditions, with different CoP's (the front, middle, and rear of the foot). Results: The position of the CoP showed significant differences according to instructions in both the eccentric and concentric contraction phases (p < .05). The range of movement of the hip and ankle joints showed significant differences corresponding to changes of the CoP position (p < .05). The rectus femoris and gluteus maximus muscle showed significant differences for different CoP positions only in the concentric contraction phase, while the gastrocnemius and anterior tibialis were significantly different in both the concentric and eccentric contraction phase (p < .05). Conclusion: When the target muscle of squat training is the gastrocnemius, the CoP should be located in the front of the foot for effective muscle training. When the target muscles of squat training are the gluteus maximus and quadriceps femoris, the CoP should be located on the rear of the foot.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.93-101
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate lower extremity muscle activation to the variable weight shift on the affected side of patients with hemiplegia. Methods: Eighteen patients with chronic hemiplegia volunteered to participate in this study. All participants performed three types of weight shift (sideways, forward, and backward) in limits of stability on the affected side. Muscle activation in a paralyzed leg was measured with electromyography on the gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris; furthermore, the attached area was recommended by SENIAM projects. Each weight shift was performed three times, and then the mean value of the three measurements was analyzed. The data were analyzed by measuring the symmetrically standing position with the reference voluntary contraction (RVC) and was standardized with the percentage of RVC method. Results: No significant difference in lower extremity muscle activation occurred according to the three types of variable weight shift. However, significant differences in lower extremity muscle activation did occur with each weight shift position. In addition, activation increased at the rectus femoris and decreased at the gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae. Conclusion: Hip abductor muscle strength training and variable weight shifts on the affected side must increase to improve patients'balance and limits of stability.