• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2016

This study was purposed to evaluate the characteristic changes of the solidified livestock manure fuel(SLMF) through the application of compression treatment process. The compression process led to an increase of VS/TS ratio (Volatile solids/Total solids ratio) and moisture removal effect of SLMF. The amount of leachate withdrawn from dairy cattle manure and Hanwoo manure by compression were 21~26%(w/w) and 15~20%(w/w), respectively. The specific gravity of the leachate of dairy cattle manure and Hanwoo manure were 1.01 and 0.99, respectively. The dehydrated cow manure was easily processed into ball-shaped solidified fuel. The drying time of the SLMF was proportional to the diameter of the solidified fuel. The highest heating value was observed in diameter range of 10~15mm SLMF. It is concluded that the higher heating value of 10~15mm SLMF was related with the amount of fibrous matter contained in the SLMF.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.201-213
• /
• 2014

This study showed the quality characteristics of chicken breast meat(CB) and leg meat(CL) with various kinds of existing cooking methods and double layer pan filled with Phase Change Materials(PCM) heating. Steaming resulted the highest moisture contents of 63.9% and 62.1% each in CB and CL. Also, steaming showed the lowest with 1.3% and 8.6% of crude fat in CB and CL(p<0.05) respectively. Crude protein content of CB in charcoal heating and grilling of CL had the highest values of 37.9% and 30.5% each. In the test of crude ash, grilling showed the highest with 2.4% in CB(p<0.05) and oven heating and charcoal heating was the highest with 1.3% in CL(p<0.05). In the test of cooking loss, charcoal heating showed much higher with 33.52% and 41.16% in CB and CL each than the other cooking treatments. And in case of shear force test, $5.93kg/cm^2$ in CB and $6.80kg/cm^2$ in CL were the highest scores in grilling. In the test of color, L value of CB prepared by steaming showed the highest scores of 78.31(p<0.05) while CL by oven heating was the highest of 10.00 in a value. In the overall acceptability test of 9 point-scale sensory evaluation, CB prepared by charcoal heating showed the highest score of 7.25 points in boiling, but the lowest score of 6.00 points in steaming(p<0.05). CL by charcoal heating resulted the highest score of 7.71 points but had no significant difference.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.1419-1426
• /
• 2012

The heating and cooling energy load of the KNU plant factory was analyzed using the DesignBuilder. Indoor temperature set-point, LED supplemental lighting schedule, LED heat gain, and type of double skin window were selected as simulation parameters. For the cases without LED supplemental lighting, the proper growth temperature of lettuce $20^{\circ}C$ was selected as indoor temperature set-point together with $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. The annual heating and cooling loads which are required to maintain a constant indoor temperature were calculated for all the given temperatures. The cooling load was highest for $15^{\circ}C$ and heating load was highest for $25^{\circ}C$. For the cases with LED supplemental lighting, the heating load was decreased and the cooling load was 6 times higher than the case without LED. In addition, night time lighting schedule gave better result as compared to day time lighting schedule. To investigate the effect of window type on annual energy load, 5 different double skin window types were selected. As the U-value of double skin window decreases, the heating load decreases and the cooling load increases. To optimize the total energy consumption in the plant factory, it is required to set a proper indoor temperature for the selected plantation crop, to select a suitable window type depending on LED heat gain, and to apply passive and active energy saving technology.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.70-78
• /
• 2008

In this study, the composition and physico-chemical characteristics of school waste which is located in B area, kyunggi-do was investigated. It is necessary to measure the characteristics of school waste to build the data-base for resource and recycling of waste. This school waste was composed of 12.25% of food wastes, 56.26% of papers, 9.26% of plastics&vinyls, 1.52% of textiles, 3.70% of wood, 0.11% of rubbers&leathers and others, respectively. Most of school wastes are mainly composed of paper and plastic waste and composition of combustible waste was about as 90%. From 3-components analysis, contents of moisture, combustible component, and ash was 5.72%, 88.29% and 5.98%, respectively. Moisture content was higher in Agricultural Dwelling school area compare to the urban dwelling school area. The chemical element of the school waste has the high order of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen on the dry basis of wastes and the low heating value of the MSW which is measured by calorimeter is shown as 3720.44kcal/kg.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.102-110
• /
• 1989

Surface structure and X-ray diffractogram of gelatinized potato starch on heating temperature, time and additives were investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry. The results obtained are as follows; Potato starch had an amylose content of 23.5%, and blue value of 0.41. Raw potato starch granuls showed egg form. Destruction of starch granuls increased as gelatinizing time and temperature increased. The degree of gelatinization of potato starch showed to be 90% by X-ray diffractomertry at $70^{\circ}C$. There were no significant differences in degree of gelatinization of potato starch on gelatinizing time and phosphate concentration at $70^{\circ}C$. The degree of gelatinization of sample prepared was higher in presence of phosphate than in absence of phosphate.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.208-214
• /
• 1993

Pyrolysis of bituminous coal has been carried out in a two-stage fixed bed reactor to produce high heating value gas(7000 kcal/N㎥) for industrial or town gas usage. The effects of coke catalyst, pyrolysis temperature (468∼565$^{\circ}C$), and catalytic cracking temperature (700∼850$^{\circ}C$) on the product gas properties from pyrolysis of bituminous coal have been determined. From pyrolysis of Dong Jin coal with coke, the carbon deposition on catalyst is found to be less than 5% of product tar and approximately 15% of total energy iii the parent coal can be recovered as high heating value gas. Oil composition in the product tar from the two-stage pyrolysis is higher than that from low-temperature pyrolysis. The tar produced from pyrolysis below 516$^{\circ}C$ can be easily catalytically cracked but, the tar produced above 565$^{\circ}C$ cannot be cracked easily with catalyst. From the product gas analysis, the catalytic cracking temperature should be maintained below 800$^{\circ}C$ since cracking speed of ethylene increases remarkably with the cracking temperature above 800$^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 1996

The objects of this study were to investigate emissions of air pollutant the particles as well as the combustibility of the low grade domestic anthracite coal and imported high-calorific bituminous coal in the fluidized bed coal combustor. The production of air pollution from anthracite-bituminous coal blend combustion in a fluidized bed coal combustor was evaluated. The effects of air velocity and anthracite fraction on the reaching time of steady state condition was also evaluated. We used coal samples the domestic low grade anthracite coal with heating value of 2,010 kcal/kg and the imported high grade bituminous coal with heating value of 6,520 kcal/kg. The experimental results are presented as follows. The time of reaching to steady state was affected by the temperature variation. The steady state time was about 120 minute at 0.3 m/s which was the fastest. It has been found that $O_2$ and $CO_2$ concentration were reached steady state at about 100 minute. As the height of fluidized bed becomes higher, the concentration s of $SO_2$ and $NO_x$ mainly increased. The concentration of freeboard was the highest and emission concentration was diminished. Also, as anthracite fraction increased, the emission of $SO_x$ concentration was increased. But, it has been found that the variation of $NO_x$ concentration with anthracite fraction was negligible and the difference of emission concentration according to air flow rates was negligible, too. It has been found that $O_2$ concentration decreased and $CO_2$ concentration increased as the height of fluidized bed increased. As anthracite fraction increased, the mass of elutriation particles increased, and $CO_2$ concentration decreased. Also, as air velocity increased, $O_2$ concentration decreased and $CO_2$ concentration increased. Regardless-of anthracite fraction and flow rate, the combustible weight percentage in elutriation particles were high in the case of fine particles.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.683-690
• /
• 2017

Wood pellet (WP), empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) which are biomass fuels for power generation are selected to study the characteristics of torrefaction process. These biomass fuels are torrefied at $220^{\circ}C$, $250^{\circ}C$, and $280^{\circ}C$. The heating value of biomass fuels is increased depending on the torrefaction temperature. However, due to energy yield decline, it is not always desirable to torrefy biomass at higher temperature. Considering the mass yield and energy yield after torrefaction, the most proper temperature conditions for torrefaction of WP is $250-280^{\circ}C$ and for EFB, PKS are $220-250^{\circ}C$. Additionally, to investigate the phenomenons of chlorine release during torrefaction process, Ion Chromatography (IC) method was used. In the case of EFB and PKS torrefied at $300^{\circ}C$, the chlorine component has been reduced by 97.5% and 95.3% compared to the raw biomass, respectively. In conclusion, torrefied biomass can be used as alternative fuels in replacement of coals for both aspects of heating value and chlorine corrosion problems.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.51 no.4
• /
• pp.465-469
• /
• 2013

In this study, we investigated the feasibility of torrefied OPF (oil palm fronds) as the fuel. The torrefaction was performed at 200, 250, 300 and $350^{\circ}C$ during 1 and 2 hours, respectively. As raising the torrefaction temperature and increasing the processing time, the GHV (gross heating value) of torrefied OPFs was increased. Moreover, we found that the torrefaction temperature is more important factor than the processing time. However, the proper torrefaction temperature was asked because the higher torrefaction temperature leaded to the lower torrefied OPF yield. TGA (thermo-gravimetric analysis) data released that the torrefaction at $250^{\circ}C$ could significantly decompose the hemicellulose and the almost cellulose was decomposed at $300^{\circ}C$. In addition, the grindability of biomass was improved after torrefaction, so that it can reduce energy consumption in comminution.

• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
• /
• v.35 no.8
• /
• pp.770-776
• /
• 2018

This study measured the energy recovery rate of each municipal waste incineration facility according to the revised energy recovery rate estimation method, which targeted four municipal waste incineration facilities (Unit No. 7). The results calculated by the measuring instruments were used for each factor to estimate the recovery rate, and the available potential of available energy was examined by analyzing the energy production and valid consumption. As a result of the low heating value, 2,540 kcal/kg was calculated on average when the LHVw formula was applied, which is approximately 116 kcal/kg higher than the average design standard of 2,424 kcal/kg. The energy recovery rate was calculated as 96.9% on average based on production and 67.5% based on effective consumption, and the analysis shows that approximately 29.4% energy can be used.