• Journal of Sport and Applied Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of ICING recovery method after sports climbing to blood lactate concentration and heart rate. The subjects were 12 male 20s undergraduate students (ICING group of 6, Control group of 6). Blood lactate concentration and heart rate were measured before climbing, after climbing, 5-minute recovery and 10minute recovery. Heart rate were also measured during the climbing. The subjects performed climbing 3 times. Data were analysed by SPSS 20.0. To compare blood lactate concentration and heart rate among groups, the independent samples t-test was employed using an alpha level of .05. Mean and standard deviations were computed. Results show that there is no significant difference between the icing group and non-icing group. Yet, the differences of blood lactate concentration were observed between groups. Blood lactate concentration of icing group was significantly higher than non-icing group in the condition of 1st climbing. Blood lactate concentration of non-icing group was significantly higher than icing group in 2nd 10-minute recovery. ICING recovery method is shown to be not significantly effective to blood lactate concentration and heart rate. This could be comprehended that long-term high-intensity (70% of 1RM) exercise can be prepared for the further research.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.555-563
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• 2005

This study presents the characteristics of nocturnal inversion layer and their effect on the concentration variations of surface air pollutants using tethersonde and automatic weather station (AWS, 2 layer tower) system in Ulsan during 2003, The method for the distinction of inversion intensity was decided based on the sum of nocturnal temperature gradient. As the results, there was a close correlation (correlation coefficient of 0,76) between the maximum inversion height obtained from tethersonde and the sum of nocturnal temperature gradient. The air pollutant concentration was also directly proportional to the inversion intensity. When the inversion intensity was strong in the nighttime, ozone $(O_3)$ concentration was lower, while nitrogen dioxide $(NO_2)$ concentration was higher. The carbon monoxide (CO) concentration was gradually higher according to the nocturnal inversion intensity, whereas sulfur dioxide $(SO_2)$ concentration was relatively constant. In addition, we found that there was no correlation between the inversion intensity and TSP concentration.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.775-781
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• 2022

As part of research to develop a permanent wave-reducing agent for hair, in the current study, 0.1%-1.0% of Polyquaternium-10 was added to a permanent reagent containing Nicotinoyl Dipeptide-23 to prepare the agent, which was tested on damaged hair. The pH change was relatively stable even after a date, but due to the hair's natural composition, 0.1%-0.6% of the Polyquaternium-10 concentration according to pH was suitable. The temperature safety experiment demonstrated it to be stable at a high temperature and at room temperature, but when a Polyquaternium-10 concentration of 0.9% or higher was added at 0℃, coagulation occurred. In terms of the force efficiency of permanent wave formation, wave efficiency lowered as the concentration increased: the longer the wave lasts, the lower the Polyquaternium-10 concentration. The permanent moisture content was found to be higher as the concentration of Polyquaternium-10 increased. Therefore, when Polyquaternium-10 is applied to the permanent wave-reducing agent, considering stability, permanent formation, durability, and moisture rate, the most suitable concentration was found to be that of Polyquaternium-10 in the cysteine-reducing agent. A novel finding from this study is that as the concentration of Polyquaternium-10 increases, the consistency of the permanent wave-reducing agent changes, shifting from a liquid to a viscous liquid formulation.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.332-337
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• 2013

신간척지에서 청보리의 안정재배를 위한 토양 염농도를 제시하기 위하여 새로 조성된 새만금간척지에서 토양염농도(EC) 0.8, 3.1, 6.5, 11.0 dS/m에 해당하는 지점을 선정하고, 화학비료로 $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=150-100-100 kg/ha를 시용한 후 2011년 10월 26일에 영양보리를 220kg/ha 파종하였다. 재배기간중 토양 염농도는 수확기>출수기>파종기>월동기 순으로 파종기에 비해 수확기에 1.4~4.2배 상승하였다. 염농도가 높을수록 발근에 지장을 초래하여 지상부 생육도 저조하였고 특히 EC 11.0 ds/m에서 출현은 하였으나 겨울철이 지난 후 고사하였다. 수량은 토양염농도 0.8 dS/m(8.8 MT/ha)에 비해 3.1 dS/m과 6.5 dS/m에서 각각 68 %, 35 % 수준이었다. Proline함량은 생육초기가 수확기보다, 그리고 염농도가 높을수록 많았다. 수확기의 $Na_2O$와 MgO 함량은 염농도가 높을수록 많았고 N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ 및 CaO 함량은 염농도가 높을수록 적었다. 따라서 토양 염농도가 3.1 dS/m이상으로 높아짐에 따라 청보리의 지하부와 지상부에 심각한 생육저해로 양분의 불균형 흡수를 초래하여 수량이 저조하기 때문에 안정한 청보리 생산을 위해서는 지하 배수시설 또는 관개수를 이용하여 3.1 dS/m이하로 염농도를 떨어뜨린 후 재배하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.147-169
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• 1994

This study was conducted to ivestigate the quality of modeled chinese-cabbage Kimchi. The mutual action of sub-ingredients and optimum mixing conditions were examined by analyses of pH, acidity, content of vitamins, carotenes, number of total microorganism, and Lactobacilli, the activities of softening related to enzymes (polygalacturonase and ${\beta}$-galactosidase), and sensory quality during fermentation. The result about the mutual action of red pepler powder and garlic showed that the pH was decresed as concentration of garlic was higher and that of red peppler powder became lower. Kimchi had unpleasant taste and undesirable odor when the adding ratio of the peper powder and garlic was unbalanced. As the concentration of garlic became higher, the content of vitamin C in Kimchi tissue decreased while that of vitamin C in Kimchi juice increased. The contents of vitamin B1, B2 and carotene increased as the concentration of garlic became lower. The optimum mixing ratio of red pepper powder and garlic evaluated by overall eating quality was 4.66% and 3.45%, respectively. The result about the mutual action of ginger and green onion was that pH became higher as the concentration of ginger was 1.84% and that of green onion was 5.96%. The intensity of fresh taste and odor became stronger as the concentration of ginger increaed to 2.76% and that of green onion decreased to 2.98%. The balance of sour, salty and hot taste became better as the concentration of ginger increased and that of green onion decreased. The optimum mixing condition evaluated by overall eating quality was 2.94% in ginger ＋ 2.78% in green onion. The contents of vitamin B1, B2 and C were high in this condition. The result about the mutual action of leek and salted anchovy juice was that pH became lower as the concentration of leek increased and that of salted anchovy juice decreased. Sour, hot and sweet tastes were good in the condition of leek 12%, salted anchovy juice 4.69%. Palatable, fresh taste and odor became weaker when the one of both sub-ingredients was too much little. The optimum mixing condition evaluated by overall easting quality was 9.76% in leek ＋ 7.32% in salted anchovy juice. The contents of vitamin B1, B2, C and carotene were high in this condition and other sensory qualities were good. The result about the mutual action of salt and sugar was that pH became lower as the concentration of sugar became higher and that of salt became lower. The sweet taste was reduced of hot taste than salty taste. Palatable and fresh tastes were desirable when Kimchi fermented with less salt and more sugar. The optimum mixing condition evaluated by overall eating quality was 3.29% in sugar ＋ 4.80% in salt. The contents of vitamin B1, B1, C and carotene were high in this condition. The result of model Kimchi fermented at 20$^{\circ}C$ was that the number of Lactobacilli in model Kimchi was higher than that of in control Kimchi. The fermentation period was extended under pH 4.0 and the contents of vitamin B1, B1,C and carotene were high through the whole edible period. The activity of polygalacturonase was low, but that of ${\beta}$-galactosidase was high during fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.941-947
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• 2000

Three fistulated Malaysian local bulls were used in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design to determine the effects of different levels of concentrate with oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) frond (OPF) on rumen pH and $NH_3$-N concentration, and DM degradability of different fractions of OPF. Three diets namely, 60% OPF pellet and 40% concentrate (Diet 1), 50% OPF pellet and 50% concentrate (Diet 2) and 40% OPF pellets and 60% concentrate (Diet 3) were used. The levels of concentrate in the diets affected rumen pH and $NH_3$-N concentration. The pH and $NH_3$-N concentration almost in all hourly samples did not show any difference (p>0.05) among the diets except the 6 h and 9 h samples. The highest (p<0.01) $NH_3$-N concentration was obtained on Diet 3 followed by Diet 2 and Diet 1, but there was a slightly higher (p>0.05) pH on Diet 1. The $NH_3$-N concentrations of rumen liquor at 9 h sampling on Diet 1 and Diet 2 were below the critical level (50 mg/liter) required for efficient fermentation of fibrous feeds. The in sacco DM degradation of different fractions of OPF was affected by diets. The DM degradation of fractions of OPF was higher on Diet 3, which showed differences (p<0.01) with the other diets. It was found that a higher level of concentrate (60%) with OPF gave a higher rumen $NH_3$-N concentration that increased the DM degradation of OPF fractions. The results showed that OPF could support an efficient rumen function in terms of $NH_3$-N concentration and pH when ${\leq}50%$ in the diet. A higher level of OPF (>50%) does not support an efficient rumen fermentation in terms of $NH_3$-N concentration, and resulted in lower DM degradation values of the fractions. The results suggested that there is a need to supplement additional nitrogen to OPF based diets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2003

Previously, we developed a CHO cell line (CHO-OTC1-Al9) that expresses the first two enzymes in the urea cycle and exhibits a higher ammonia-removing ability and faster growth rate than a vector-controlled CHO cell line (CHO-neo-5). The current study was undertaken to develop a cell line with an ammonia-removing ability higher than the cell line developed previously. To accomplish this, CHO cell lines expressing the first three, first four, or all five enzymes of the urea cycle were constructed using a stable transfection method. Finally, the CHO-AS-16, CHO-AL-19, and CHO-Arg-11 cell lines expressing the first three, first four, and all five enzymes of the urea cycle, respectively, were selected and found to exhibit higher ammonia-removing ability than the CHO-OTC1-Al9 cell line. Among the three selected cell lines, CHO-AL-19 showed the highest ammonia-removing ability and highest cell viability at a higher cell density, with 40% and 15% lower ammonia concentration in the, culture media than that of CHO-neo-5 and CHO-OTC1-A19 cell lines, respectively. CHO-AL-19 also showed 44% and 10% higher cell viability than the CHO-neo-5 and CHO-OTC-Al9 cell lines, at a higher cell density, respectively. The ammonia concentrations in the culture media were expressed as the ammonia concentration/cell, and the CHO-AL-19 cells revealed 45-60% and 20% lower ammonia concentration/cell than the CHO-neo-5 and CHO-OTC1-Al9 cells, respectively.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2023

Purpose : In this study, to prove the antibacterial effect of Disocorea batatas, which is widely used for food, and to confirm the growth inhibitory effect, the antibacterial activity against L. gasseri, S. mutans, and P. gingivalis was verified. Based on this, it is intended to verify the utility as a preventive and therapeutic composition for dental caries and periodontal disease. Methods : RAW 264.7 cells were used to verify the cell survival rate and NO (Nitric Oxide) inhibitory effect on Disocorea batatas ethanol extract (DBEE). In order to verify the antibacterial effect against L. gasseri, S. mutans, and P. gingivalis, concentrations of 125, 250, and 500 ㎎/㎖ of DBEE were used and measured by the disk diffusion method. In order to confirm the growth inhibitory effect, the absorbance was measured at 600 ㎚ at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours using the liquid medium dilution method, and the growth inhibitory effect was measured compared to the control group. Results : The cell viability for DBEE was 91 % at 50 ㎎/㎖, and there was no cytotoxicity. The NO production inhibitory effect was shown from 10 ㎍/ml, and the higher the concentration, the greater the inhibitory effect. As for the antimicrobial effect using the disk diffusion method, the higher the concentration, the higher the antibacterial effect. At 125 ㎎/㎖ and 250 ㎎/㎖, S. mutans and L. gasseri showed high antimicrobial activity, and at 500 ㎎/㎖, the antibacterial effect was higher in L. gasseri. The growth inhibitory effect in DBEE was concentration-dependent as the higher the concentration, the higher the growth inhibitory effect, and all of them began to show growth inhibitory effects from 6 hours. Conclusion : Considering that it is widely used as an edible and medicinal material, Disocorea batatas has shown the potential to be used as a substance to prevent and alleviate dental caries and periodontal diseases, and it is believed that further research can be applied to oral health care products.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.500-503
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of season influencing semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and testosterone concentration in Duroc boars. There were no significant differences in the semen volume and sperm concentration of Duroc boars among spring, summer, autumn and winter. However, the pH of sperm-rich and sperm-poor fractions in autumn and winter season was higher than in spring and summer season in Duroc boars. Sperm motility and normal acrosome of raw semen in Duroc boars did not differ significantly among spring, summer, autumn and winter. However, motility and normal acrosome of frozen-thawed sperm were higher in spring season than in summer, autumn and winter. Serum testosterone concentrations in Duroc were higher in spring than summer, autumn and winter. In conclusion, when serum testosterone concentrations were higher in seasons, frozen-thawed sperm viability in Duroc boars were higher.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 1978

인삼액기스의 첨가량을 달리한 배지에 시간별로 국균의 첨가력($\alpha$-amylase, $\beta$-amylase, protease)에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Asp. oryzae의 $\alpha$-amylase 활성도는 48시간 배양까지는 대조구보다 다소 높았으나 그 이후는 같은 경향을 나타내었고, Asp. oryzae의 $\beta$-amylase 활성도는 배양 24시간에서 인삼엑기스, 첨가량순으로 촉진되어 1%구까지 증가하고 3~5%구는 그 활성이 첨가량 순으로 감소되었다. Asp. oryzae의 protease 활성도에서 acid protease는 배양 72시간까지 대조구보다 활성이 높았고, 그중 3.0%구의 48시간때가 가장 역가가 높았으며 120시간 배양에서는 인삼엑기스 3.0% 이상이 효소활성의 감소가 컸다. Alkaline protease는 대조구보다 객처리구의 역가가 떨어졌다. 그러나 alkaline protease는 aeid protease보다 활성도가 높았다. 2)Asp. niger의 $\alpha$-amylase 활성도는 인삼엑기스 첨가량 순으로 높아지고 그 활성이 급증가하였다가 급감소되는 경향을 보였고, Asp. niger의 $\beta$-amylase 활성도는 인삼엑기스, 첨가량에 따라 활성이 높아졌으며 0.5~3.0% 첨가시에는 대조구 및 5.0%보다 활성이 빨고 높게 나타났으며 5.0구는 그 활성이 억제되었다. Asp. niger의 protease 활성도는 acid protease가 alkaline protease보다 효소역가가 현저하게 높았다. acid protease는 배양 48시간까지는 인삼엑기스의 첨가량에 따라 효소역가가 조해되었으나 72시간에서는 인삼엑기스 첨가량 순으로 역가가 높았고, 단 5.0%구만 현저하게 효소력이 감소되었다. Alkaline protease는 배양 24시간에서 48시간까지는 0.1%구와 0.5%구가 대조구보다 효소력이 높았고 그 이상의 인삼엑기스가 첨가된 처리구보다 효소력이 낮았다. 그러나 48시간 이후부터는 효소력은 인삼엑기스 첨가량 순으로 감소를 나타내었다.