• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2009

Purpose: ((R)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-1-[$^{11}$C]methyl-N(1-propyl)-3-isoquinoline carboxamide ((R)-PK11195) is a specific ligand for the peripheral type benzodiazepine receptor and a marker of activated microglia, used to measure inflammation in neurologic disorders. We report here that a direct and simple radiosynthesis of [$^{11}$C](R)-PK11195 in mild condition using NaH suspension in DMF and one-step loop method. Materials and Methods: (R)-N-Desmethyl-PK11195 (1 mg) in DMSO (0.1 mL) and NaH suspension in DMF (0.1 mL) were injected into a semi-prep HPLC loop. [$^{11}$C]methyl iodide was passed through HPLC loop at room temperature. Purification was performed using semi-preparative HPLC. Aliquots eluted at 11.3 min were collected and analyzed by analytical HPLC and mass spectrometer. Results: The labeling efficiency of [$^{11}$C](R)-PK11195 was 71.8$\pm$8.5%. The specific activity was 11.8:$\pm$6.4 GBq/$\mu$mol and radiochemical purity was higher than 99.2%. The mass spectrum of the product eluted at 11.3 min showed m/z peaks at 353.1 (M+1), indicating the mass and structure of (R)-PK11195. Conclusion: By the one-step loop method with the [$^{11}$C]CH3l automated synthesis module, [$^{11}C$](R)-PK11195 could be easily prepared in high radiochemical yield using NaH suspension in DMF.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-210
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• 2004

A new polystyrene-divinylbenzene chelating resin containing 4,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid (chromotropic acid : CTA) as functional group has been synthesized and characterized. The sorption and desorption properties of this chelating resin for Cr(III) ion and Cr(VI) ion including nine metal bloodstain. As a results, FOB test kit could be effectively applied to identification of human blood at chelating resin was stable in acidic and alkaline solution. The Cr(VI) ion is selectively separated from Cr (III) ion at pH 2 and the maximum sorption capacity of Cr(VI) ion is 1.2 mmol/g. In the presence of anions such as $F^-$, $SO{_4}^{2-}$, $CN^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $NO{_3}^-$, the sorption of Cr(VI) ion was reduced but anions such as $PO{_4}^{3-}$ and $Cl^-$ revealed no interference effect. The elution order of metal ions obtained from breakthrough capacity and overall capacity at pH 2 was Cr(VI)>Sn(II)>Fe(III)>Cu(II)>Cd(II)${\simeq}Pb(II){\simeq}Cr(III){\simeq}Mn(II){\simeq}Ni(II){\simeq}Al(III)$. Desorption characteristics for Cr(VI) ion was investigated with desorption agents such as $HNO_3$, HCl, and $H_2SO_4$. It was found that the ion showed high desorption efficiency with 3 M HCl. As the result, the chelating resin, XAD-16-CTA was successfully applied to separation and preconcentration of Cr (VI) ion from several metal ions in metal finishing works.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.187-194
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• 2010

The soybean stay green mutant genotype (SSG) derived from the nuclear gene, d1d2, and cytoplasmic gene, cytG, inhibit the breakdown of chloroplast in the leaves, pod walls, seed coats, and embryos during maturity. Soybean seed with black seed coat and green cotyledon (SBG) are preferred than black seed coat with yellow cotyledon (SBY) especially for cooking with rice and as source of traditional food in Korea. The researchers evaluated the seed's chlorophyll content of SSG and introduced SSG to the SBG variety breeding program. The seed chlorophyll content of SSG with d1d2 was $39.93{\sim}60.80\;{\mu}g/g$ and SSG with cytG $38.08{\sim}39.89\;{\mu}g/g$. The Korean SBG variety which was derived from SSG with cytG, contains $16.35{\sim}37.73\;{\mu}g/g$. The composition of seed chlorophyll differs according to the genetic background of SSG genotype. Inheritance study showed that cotyledon color was segregated 15:1 (yellow:green) at $F_2$ seed indicating two recessive genes control green cotyledon as revealed by previous study. Only less than 3% soybean lines showed black seed coat with green cotyledon among crosses SBY and SSG (d1d2). Results showed that SSG with d1d2 can be used as a good source for SBG with high chlorophyll content in the seed cotyledon, but due to the complex genetic behavior, breeding resource of SBG with d1d2 should be prepared to improve the breeding efficiency for development SBG variety.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned mine sites typically has low pH and contains high level of various heavy metals, aggravating ground- and surface water qualities and neighboring environments. This study investigated removal of heavy metals in a biological treatment system, mainly focusing on the removal by adsorption on a substrate material. Bench-scale batch experiments were performed with a mushroom compost to evaluate the adsorption characteristics of heavy metals leached out from a mine tailing sample and the role of SRB in the overall removal process. In addition, adsorption experiments were perform using an artificial AMD sample containing $Cd^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Pb^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$ to assess adsorption capacity of the mushroom compost. The results indicated Mn leached out from mine tailing was not subject to microbial stabilization or adsorption onto mushroom compost while microbially mediated stabilization played an important role in the removal of Zn. Fe leaching significantly increased in the presence of microbes as compared to autoclaved samples, and this was attributed to dissolution of Fe minerals in the mine tailing in a response to the depletion of $Fe^{3+}$ by iron reduction bacteria. Measurement of oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH indicated the reactive mixture maintained reducing condition and moderate pH during the reaction. The results of the adsorption experiments involving artificial AMD sample indicated adsorption removal efficiency was greater than 90% at pH 6 condition, but it decreased at pH 3 condition.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.spc
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• pp.86-92
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine removal effect on phytoplankton (chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ as whole algae) and cyanobacteria by a fish Pseudorasbora parva and macroinvertebrate Palaemon paucidens in September 2006. Three treatments with 25 (T1), 50 (T2) and 100 (T3) individuals along with control (C1, no input fish), and two treatments with 25 (T4) and 50 (T5) individuals along with control (C1) were made for fish and macroinvertebrate, respectively. The initial concentrations of chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ $(Chl_i)$ in each 10L test tank were set up for the levels of $95{\sim}100{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the daily values were monitored in the test tank during 7 days. In the lab tests, P. parva did not show Chl-${alpha}$ removal effect; the removal rate of Chl-${alpha}$ for P. parva was -58% in T1, -56% in T2, and 61% in T3 during the test period. In contrast, P. paucidens. in the treatments of T4 and T5 removed the phytoplankton effectively and the removal effect were appeared to be 33% and 22%, respectively. Also, P. paucidens showed high feeding efficiency in the removal of cyanobacteria. The levels of cyanobacteria were greatly lowed from 6,048 to 927 cells $mL^{-1}$ in T4 and from 6,539 to 1,053 cells $mL^{-1}$ in T5, resulting in 85% and 84% in the removal effect, respectively. Our results for biomanipulation tests suggest that P. paucidens may be used as a potential candidate organism for algae control in spite of the preliminary results by laboratory tests.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

The present survey was conducted to provide basic information on automatic milking system (AMS) in relation to purchase motive, milk yield and quality, customer satisfaction, difficulties of operation and customer suggestions, etc. Purchase motives of AMS were insufficient labor (44%), planning of dairy experience farm (25%), better performance of high yield cows (19%) and others (6%), respectively. Average cow performance after using AMS was 30.9l/d for milk yield, 3.9% for milk fat, 9,100/ml for bacterial counts. Sixty-eight percentage of respondents were very positive in response to AMS use for their successors but 18% were negative. The AMS operators were owner (44%), successor (44%), wife (6%) and company worker (6%), respectively. The most difficulty (31%) in using AMS was operating the system and complicated program manual. The rate of response to system error and breakdown was 25%. The reasons for culling cow after using AMS were mastitis (28%), reproduction failure (19%), incorrect teat placement (12%), metabolic disease (7%) and others (14%), respectively. Fifty-six percentages of the respondents made AMS maintenance contract and 44% did not. Average annual cost of the maintenance contract was 6,580,000 won. Average score for AMS satisfaction measurement (1 to 5 range) was 3.2 with decrease of labor cost 3.7, company A/S 3.6, increase of milk yield 3.2 and decrease of somatic cell count 2.8, respectively. Suggestions for the higher efficiency in using AMS were selecting cows with correct udder shape and teat placement, proper environment, capital and land, and attitude for continuous observation. Systematic consulting was highly required for AMS companies followed by low cost for AMS setup and systematization of A/S.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2001

Predetermination of sex in livestock of offpring is in great demand and is of critical importance to providing for the most efficient production of the animal ariculture. Such a sexing techlology would also enhance the economy of conventional artificial insemination(AI) and aid the porcine industry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of enriching X-bearing porcine sperm using discontinuous percoll gradients and PCR mefhod. Semen was collected from mature boars of proven fertility center (AI center KimHae). Sperm was leaded on the isotonic discontinuous percoll gradient and then it was centrifuged at 120 ${\times}$ g for 20 minutes. After centrifugation, sperm included in each fraction were recovered (7${\times}$10$^6$ sperms/ml) and then sperm genomic DNA was extractedfor the PCR. SRY gene was used to evaluate the ratio between X and Y sperm in the separated fractions. Ju viro ffrtilization wascarried out by adding the unseparated sperm (control) or separated (experimental poop) to the matured oocytes in TCM-199. Embryos for sex determination were obtained at 2 cell stage and then was used for SRY gene amplification. After centrifugation of discontinuous percoll gradient, the most motile sperm was obtained at 95% fiaction (94.4% ${\pm}$ 5.1%, p < 0.01). The PCR analysis evaluated that 30%, 50% and 65% fractions were Y sperm rich, whereas 80% and 95% fractions were X sperm rich. PCR analysis with each porcineembryo showed that 33.3% of control and 66.7% of experimental group were determined as female embryos. In conclusion, in vitro matured oocytes inseminated with sperms (95% fraction) prepared by percoll gradient centrifugation showed high fertilization rates and female embryos than control sperms.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-30
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• 1985

The study was carried out to find out the changes of the sex hormone levels in the milk of Holstein cows during the reproductive stages such as the estrous cycle, pregnancy and periparturient period. The FSH, LH, estradiol-17$\beta$ and progesterone from the milk samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay methods. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. The levels of progesterone and estradiol-17$\beta$ were similar among inter-quarters, but they were higher in after milking than before milking times, with no statistical significance. 2. The milk progesterone levels during the estrous cycles reached a peak mean level of 3.55$\pm$0.26ng/$m\ell$ at 15 days after estrus and they did not show any differences among the length of estrous cycles. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the estrous cycles showed a peak level of 36.40$\pm$2.38pg/$m\ell$ at estrus, and decreased(17.20$\pm$0.46 pg/$m\ell$ to 18.65$\pm$1.26pg/$m\ell$) at luteal phase. 3. The FSH levels during the estrous cycles ranged from 2.25$\pm$0.23mIU/$m\ell$ to 4.35$\pm$0.24mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. The LH levels during the estrous cycles gradually increased and remained a peak level of 10.90$\pm$0.36mIU/$m\ell$ from 20 to 25 days after estrus. 4. The progesterone levels during the pregnancy were decreased from 30 to 60 days after artificial insemination, and therafter continuously increased until 240 days. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the pregnancy were 24.56$\pm$1.19pg/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial inseminaton, and increased rapidly until 180 days. The levles were agagin decreased by 26.17$\pm$3.03pg/$m\ell$ until 210 days and markedly increased by 68.00$\pm$8.70pg/$m\ell$ until 240 days. 5. The prolactin levels during the pregnancy were 31.27$\pm$2.31ng/$m\ell$ and 42.60$\pm$2.37ng/$m\ell$ at day 150 and 240 after artificial insemination respectively. The LH levels during the pregnancy reached a peak of 27.47$\pm$7.90mIU/$m\ell$ at day 30 after artificial insemination, and thereafter gradually decreased. 6. The progesterone levels during the periparturient period reached a peak of 4.61$\pm$0.34ng/$m\ell$ at day 3 prepartum, and thereafter gradually decreased, and showed 2.05$\pm$0.60ng/$m\ell$ at day 7 postpartum. The estradiol-17$\beta$ levels during the periparturient period showed high level from 207.23$\pm$6.04pg/$m\ell$ at day 1 prepartum to 239.90$\pm$13.90pg/$m\ell$ at day 2 prepartum, and thereafter began to decline and reached 51.87$\pm$1.72pg/$m\ell$ at by 7 postpartum. 7. The prolactin levels during the periparturient period showed relatively higher level at the time of parturition. The LH levels during the periparturient period rnage from 6.32$\pm$0.32mIU/$m\ell$ to 13.90$\pm$1.37mIU/$m\ell$ showing significant changes. 8. The progesterone levels(4.6$\pm$0.8ng/$m\ell$) of the pregnant cows were significantly higher than those (1.84$\pm$1.4ng/$m\ell$) of nonpregnant cows. The cows of artificial insemination from 61 to 90 days after parturition showed higher progesterone levels. 9. During 20 to 25 days after artificial insemination, the accuracy of pregnancy diagnosis from milk progesterone levels were 94.4% for nonpregnant cows(<2.3ng/$m\ell$), and 75.0% for pregnant cows( 3.2ng/$m\ell$). The average overall accuracy of pregnancy prediction for nonpregnant and pregnant cows 83.3% 10. The results obtained this study suggest that the understanding of the endocrinological mechanisms by means of milk hormone analysis during the estrous cycle, pregnancy and parturition would give the basic information needed for increasing efficiency of reproduction. This study would not only provide an accurate method of the early pregnancy diagnosis by milk progesterone levels but also contribute to the research of providing the method of detecting of FSH levels in milk, which was difficult in blood serum.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2011

In this study, the efficiency of microsatellite (MS) markers for pork quality was examined and further, their suitability to domestic pork industry also was verified, by measuring meat quality parameters of Berkshire breeds. A total of 323 pigs of Berkshire breeds were slaughtered and subjected to meat quality evaluation. In addition, the genomic DNAs from blood samples of slaughtered pigs were used for genotyping analysis of 50 MS markers. The results revealed that Berkshire breeds have excellent meat quality, compared with the popular domestic breeds such as Duroc, Yorkshire, and Landrace. Noticeably, the Berkshire breeds exhibited a significant post-mortem pH24hr ($5.88{\pm}0.01$) and fat content ($2.878{\pm}0.06$). Through the linkage analysis between MS markers, 14 MS markers showed significant association with meat quality traits (p<0.05). Maximum significant differences of 0.55 pH24hr value and 2.04% fat content were observed between the highest and lowest allele populations. If these 14 MS markers are applied to the pork quality diagnosis kit, the synergistic effect can be expected in meat quality parameters such as meat color, fat content, pH 24 hr, cooking loss, drip loss and water-holding capacity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2010

Metabolomics aims at the comprehensive, qualitative and quantitative analysis of wide arrays of endogenous metabolites in biological samples. It has shown particular promise in the area of toxicology and drug development, functional genomics, system biology and clinical diagnosis. In this study, analytical technique of MS instrument with high resolution mass measurement, such as time-of-flight (TOF) was validated for the purpose of investigation of amino acids, sugars and fatty acids. Rat urine and serum samples were extracted by selected each solvent (50% acetonitrile, 100% acetonitrile, acetone, methanol, water, ether) extraction method. We determined the optimized liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) system and selected appropriated columns, mobile phases, fragment energy and collision energy, which could search 17 metabolites. The spectral data collected from LC/TOFMS were tested by ANOVA. Obtained with the use of LC/TOFMS technique, our results indicated that (1) MS and MS/MS parameters were optimized and most abundant product ion of each metabolite were selected to be monitorized; (2) with design of experiment analysis, methanol yielded the optimal extraction efficiency. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be useful in the endogenous metabolite fields according to validated SOP for endogenous amino acids, sugars and fatty acids.